Workers' Compensation Defense Attorney Law Offices of Bradford & Barthel, LLPWorkers' Compensation Defense AttorneySan Diego, CARemote$100,000–$220,000 / yearFull timeQualifications:Experience: Minimum one year of workers' compensation defense experience preferred; active California State Bar membership in good standing required. Professionalism & Collaboration: Demonstrates a strong work ethic and the ability to build and maintain effective relationships with colleagues, clients, and partners.
Attorney II La Maestra Family Clinic IncAttorney IICA$95,000–$110,000 / yearThis role involves conducting legal consultations, preparing and filing immigration applications, and representing clients before the Executive Office for Immigration Review (EOIR), and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS). Technical knowledge and skills required to perform the job: Excellent verbal, written and interpersonal communication skills and the demonstrated ability to work with diverse individuals and groups.
Business Litigation/Financial Services/General Liability Attorney Klinedinst PCBusiness Litigation/Financial Services/General Liability AttorneySan Diego, CAFull timeWe’re also looking for attorneys with experience in structuring discovery plans, taking and defending depositions, managing document-intensive cases, drafting dispositive motions, and preparing for trial. Klinedinst is seeking an attorney with at least two years of experience in general litigation (GL), business litigation, and/or financial services to join our office in San Diego, CA with the opportunity to handle matters throughout the state.
Special Education Litigation Attorney Fagen Friedman & Fulfrost LLPSpecial Education Litigation AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaThe incumbent would assist clients in the individualized education program process, present workshops, review and revise policies and procedures, and respond to state and federal compliance complaints and administrative due process hearings outside of the adversarial context of traditional litigation. F3 Law provides essential legal support to schools, colleges and other public entities, helping them navigate complex legal issues to fulfill their mission of serving students and communities.
Conflicts Staff Attorney Cooley LLPConflicts Staff AttorneySan Diego, CA$145,000–$210,000 / yearPosition summary: The business intake and conflicts function is essential to the firm's (1) compliance with (a) ethical obligations prevailing in jurisdictions in which the firm maintains offices and in which it practices and (b) the firm's Risk Management policies and procedures, (2) avoidance of malpractice claims and ethical violations, and (3) ability to onboard new business, in the form of new clients and new matters for existing clients, new timekeepers and new employees in a timely fashion. We offer a full range of elective benefits including medical, health savings account (with applicable medical plan), dental, vision, health and/or dependent care flexible spending accounts, pre-tax commuter benefits, life insurance, AD&D, long-term care coverage, backup care for children and/or adults and other parental support benefits.
Associate Attorney Orion PlacementAssociate AttorneyCarlsbad, CaliforniaThis is a primarily on-site role with built-in flexibility due to court appearances, depositions, and case-related travel, offering autonomy with a collaborative office presence. This is an opportunity to sharpen your skills on meaningful defense matters while working alongside accomplished trial attorneys who are invested in your development.
Family Law Attorney FAIR CADORA, APCFamily Law AttorneySan Diego, CAFull timeOur tight-knit team of experienced family law attorneys and support staff prides itself on delivering high-quality and results-driven representation, while remaining genuinely compassionate toward clients navigating one of the most difficult chapters of their lives. Our diverse skill set means clients can choose their path with our support no matter the choice, whether it be litigation, attorney-led negotiation, mediation, Collaborative Divorce, or consulting.
Senior Tax Attorney Orion PlacementSenior Tax AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaYou'll work directly with sophisticated clients, handle challenging legal matters, mentor developing attorneys, and enjoy the flexibility and autonomy to build a rewarding practice while making a meaningful impact. Our attorneys partner with business owners, executives, investors, and high-net-worth individuals to solve complex tax challenges while developing trusted long-term relationships.
Attorney Kosmos CorpAttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaFrom continuing education programs to participation in industry conferences and seminars, we provide resources and support to help you stay ahead of the curve and excel in your career. Challenging and Varied Caseload: Engage in diverse and intellectually stimulating civil litigation matters, ranging from high-profile cases to everyday disputes.
Personal Injury Attorney (California) Bush & Bush Law GroupPersonal Injury Attorney (California)San Diego, CaliforniaRemote$150,000–$180,000 / yearThis is an opportunity to handle meaningful cases, collaborate with an experienced legal support team, and make a real impact while enjoying the flexibility of working remotely from within the state. Lead Litigation End-to-End: Manage cases from intake through trial, including strategy development, discovery, depositions, and settlement negotiations.
NewLitigation Attorney - Construction Defect and Toxic Tort Klinedinst PCLitigation Attorney - Construction Defect and Toxic TortSan Diego, CA$130,000–$175,000 / yearWe’re also looking for attorneys with experience in structuring discovery plans, taking and defending depositions, managing document-intensive cases, drafting dispositive motions, and preparing for trial. Coming to work or working remotely with colleagues with a solid work ethic, excellent organizational and communication skills, and a commitment to teamwork will be critical factors for success in this position.
Education, Nonprofits & Government Attorney Colere Staffing Group bda Colere Talent PartnersEducation, Nonprofits & Government AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaIdeal candidates will have experience counseling on transparency laws such as the Brown Act, Public Records Act, and Political Reform Act, with additional experience in education and charter schools being a plus. Strong legal research, writing, and problem-solving skills are essential, along with the ability to draft legal documents, governing resolutions, and client communications.
Construction / Real Estate / Complex Litigation Attorney - San Diego Klinedinst PCConstruction / Real Estate / Complex Litigation Attorney - San DiegoSan Diego, CA$130,000–$175,000 / yearKlinedinst is seeking an attorney with 3+ years of experience in construction litigation, real estate, and/or complex civil litigation to join our team in our largest office in downtown San Diego , with the opportunity to handle matters throughout the state. We’re also looking for attorneys with experience in structuring discovery plans, taking and defending depositions, managing document-intensive cases, drafting dispositive motions, and preparing for trial.
Associate Attorney Battaglia & DeKoningAssociate AttorneySan Diego, CAFull timeDraft comprehensive estate plans, including Revocable Living Trusts, Special Needs Trusts, Wills, Durable Powers of Attorney, Advance Health Care Directives, and property transfer documents. Highly desirable skills and experience that will set you apart from other applicants: · Experience with Estate Planning, Trust Administration, Probate, Special Needs Trusts, Public Benefits Planning, and Conservatorships.
Associate Attorney Elite SourcingAssociate AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaThe primary responsibilities of this position will include: Researching and drafting legal documents. To be successful in this role, you must have: A Juris Doctor degree from an accredited law school.
Senior Litigation Attorney TravelersSenior Litigation AttorneySan Diego, California$132,800–$219,100 / yearAs a Senior Counsel with Travelers you will be responsible for high quality, proactive case handling and will have the opportunity to use your legal expertise and litigation skills to independently handle a caseload of higher exposure cases and more complex litigation matters, including Major Case and Complex Claim matters depending on line of business. In the independent handling of a caseload of higher exposure cases and most complex litigation matters, including Major Case and Complex Claim depending on line of business, your responsibilities will include: Leverage trial experience to apply effective use of litigation skills and techniques to try cases to verdict or negotiate resolution.
Funds Attorney ESRhealthcare and EXEC STAFF RECRUITERSFunds AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaRemoteThis opportunity is for elite lawyers who want to help shape how advanced AI is trained, evaluated, and applied in real-world legal work, especially those who have deep experience with drafting, reviewing, negotiating, and redlining within the tech field. https://jobs.micro1.ai/post/2b12c28d-c34d-43f5-884f-149e35e601cf?referralCode=10002f4f-2f65-476f-b8d5-434a25460930&utm_source=referral&utm_medium=share&utm_campaign=job_referral .
Transactional Attorney ESRhealthcare and EXEC STAFF RECRUITERSTransactional AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaRemoteThis opportunity is for elite lawyers who want to help shape how advanced AI is trained, evaluated, and applied in real-world legal work, especially those who have deep experience with drafting, reviewing, negotiating, and redlining within the tech field. Your work will directly improve how these systems identify risk and interpret contract language to create tools with improved precision and legal judgment.
Legal Assistant Orion PlacementLegal AssistantSan Diego, California$70,000–$85,000 / hourExperience: 3. Good fit job titles/keywords for candidates: Legal Assistant, Trust and Estates Legal Assistant, Estate Planning Legal Assistant, Executive Legal Assistant, Law Firm Legal Assistant. This is a place where your attention to detail matters, your contributions are visible, and your work directly impacts clients and attorneys alike.
California Associate Attorney Strategic Legal PracticesCalifornia Associate AttorneySan Diego, CA$130,000–$250,000Our goal is for attorneys at every level to develop a broad and durable litigation skill set — spanning discovery, motions practice, and trial work — that supports advancement within the firm over time. Junior attorneys receive close mentorship from experienced trial counsel and are given increasing responsibility as their skills develop.
Senior Litigation Attorney - Hybrid: San Diego, CA Morgan Pinnacle GroupSenior Litigation Attorney - Hybrid: San Diego, CASan Diego, California$200,000–$315,000 / yearThis role is ideal for an attorney with significant civil litigation experience who enjoys managing cases independently and is looking for a long-term opportunity within a collaborative national firm. An established Am Law 100 law firm is seeking an experienced litigation attorney to join its growing Warranty & Lemon Law practice in San Diego.
NewDeputy General Counsel Real Estate Attorney Port of San DiegoDeputy General Counsel Real Estate AttorneySan Diego, CA$205,091–$305,256 / yearIts General Counsel team is an integral part of making it all happen, and this senior-level counsel position will have a pivotal role in supporting the complex real estate work that provides these important benefits to the region. The Port of San Diego (Port) is seeking a seasoned attorney with a practice focus in real estate to join their General Counsel department of 13 people and support the fourth largest port in California.
Senior Litigation Attorney (Warranty & Lemon Law) Morgan Pinnacle GroupSenior Litigation Attorney (Warranty & Lemon Law)San Diego, CaliforniaThis role is ideal for an attorney with significant civil litigation experience who enjoys managing cases independently and is looking for a long-term opportunity within a collaborative national firm. An established Am Law 100 law firm is seeking an experienced litigation attorney to join its growing Warranty & Lemon Law practice in San Diego.
Senior Legal Assistant – Business & Commercial Litigation Orion PlacementSenior Legal Assistant – Business & Commercial LitigationSan Diego, CaliforniaKnown for exceptional client service, attorney diversity, and complex legal work, the firm partners closely with clients across industries to solve sophisticated legal challenges and drive long-term success. Our client is a highly respected, full-service AmLaw 200 business and litigation law firm with approximately 200 attorneys nationwide.
Litigation Attorney with Insurance Defense Litigation Experience Talent Search PROLitigation Attorney with Insurance Defense Litigation ExperienceSan Diego, CaliforniaYou should be comfortable managing a caseload of 30–40 active matters, handling court appearances, depositions, and site inspections, and have a genuine appetite for first- and second-chair trial opportunities. We are hiring Litigation Attorneys at both the senior (5+ years) and junior (1–3 years post-bar) levels across our San Diego, Irvine, and Riverside offices.
Assistant United States Attorney - TERM Civil (Border Fence) U.S. Department of JusticeAssistant United States Attorney - TERM Civil (Border Fence)San Diego, CA$76,748–$197,100 / yearPreferred Qualifications: Strong academic credentials, superior legal research and writing skills, quick analytical ability to accurately and precisely articulate critical case-related issues, high-volume courtroom experience, outstanding organizational, time management, and interpersonal skills, the ability to work in a supportive and professional team environment with other AUSAs, support staff, and investigative agencies, and a demonstrated commitment to professionalism, ethics, civility, and public service. Applicants should note that SF 15 requires supporting documentation associated with service-connected disabilities or receipt of nonservice-connected disability pensions to be dated 1991 or later except in the case of service members submitting official statements or retirement orders from a branch of the Armed Forces showing that retirement was due to a permanent service-connected disability or that they were transferred to the permanent disability retired list (the statement or retirement orders must indicate that the disability is 10% or more).
Assistant United States Attorney - TERM (Civil) Border Fence U.S. Department of JusticeAssistant United States Attorney - TERM (Civil) Border FenceSan Diego, CA$88,510–$197,100 / yearPreferred Qualifications: Strong academic credentials, superior legal research and writing skills, quick analytical ability to accurately and precisely articulate critical case-related issues, high-volume courtroom experience, outstanding organizational, time management, and interpersonal skills, the ability to work in a supportive and professional team environment with other AUSAs, support staff, and investigative agencies, and a demonstrated commitment to professionalism, ethics, civility, and public service. Applicants should note that SF 15 requires supporting documentation associated with service-connected disabilities or receipt of nonservice-connected disability pensions to be dated 1991 or later except in the case of service members submitting official statements or retirement orders from a branch of the Armed Forces showing that retirement was due to a permanent service-connected disability or that they were transferred to the permanent disability retired list (the statement or retirement orders must indicate that the disability is 10% or more).
Associate Attorney - Entry Level Workers Comp Attorney (1-5 years) Talent Search PROAssociate Attorney - Entry Level Workers Comp Attorney (1-5 years)San Diego, CaliforniaHandle all aspects of workers' compensation defense cases for a diverse client base including prestigious national companies and professional sports teams. We need an associate attorney with 1-5 years of experience in Workers' Compensation Defense who can handle a full caseload and bill consistently at 200+ hours per month.
Workers Compensation Defense Attorney (Remote) MATTHEWS LAW GROUP PCWorkers Compensation Defense Attorney (Remote)San Diego, CARemoteFull timeThe Matthews Law Group, P.C. is seeking a dynamic and experienced workers’ compensation defense attorney to join our San Diego team. The ideal candidate will have at least three (3) years of workers’ compensation defense experience before the WCAB, though exceptional attorneys with less experience will also be considered.
Associate Attorney – Workers Compensation & Civil Defense Orion PlacementAssociate Attorney – Workers Compensation & Civil DefenseSan Diego, CaliforniaGain exposure across workers compensation, civil liability, employment defense, subrogation, and maritime-related matters . Work closely with experienced litigators who actively mentor and develop junior attorneys.
Associate Attorney Warranty Litigation (Remote) Segal McCambridgeAssociate Attorney Warranty Litigation (Remote)San Diego, CARemoteWith over 35 years of success, Segal McCambridge has grown into a national powerhouse with offices in major cities across the U.S., including Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York City, Houston, Chicago, and more. We represent Fortune 500 companies, high-profile individuals, and corporations in a broad range of practice areas, including asbestos, product liability, employment law, environmental, life sciences, and much more.
Labor & Employment Attorney Lewis BrisboisLabor & Employment AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaFull timeThis is an excellent opportunity for attorneys who are proactive and passionate about assuming a high-level role providing legal service within a sophisticated practice and who are seeking to assume a significant role in all aspects of labor and employment law. Prior employment litigation experience is required (preferably on the management side), including experience handling single plaintiff employment claims as well as PAGA, Wage & Hour, and FEHA matters.
Professional Liability Associate Attorney Lewis BrisboisProfessional Liability Associate AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaFull timeEither by way of direct engagement or retention through the professional's insurance carrier, we represent, among others: accountants, architects & engineers, attorneys, bankers, computer and media professionals, (cyber law), financial planners, healthcare providers, insurance brokers and agents, school districts and municipalities, property appraisers and inspectors, real estate appraisers, brokers and agents, and securities brokers (FINRA). The ideal candidate will have strong research and writing skills and at least one (1) to seven (7) years of experience defending professional liability claims involving Insurance Agents, Real Estate Agents, Accountants, Architects & Engineers, Legal Malpractice, and Errors & Omissions.
Associate Attorney CARLSBAD LAW GROUP APCAssociate AttorneyCarlsbad, CA$105,000–$150,000 / yearFull timeCarlsbad Law Group, APC is a San Diego-Based, full-service law firm providing exceptional legal services in a wide variety of civil litigation matters. An ideal candidate should have experience with employment law, drafting pleadings, preparing motions for summary judgment, conducting depositions and discovery motions.
Associate Attorney insurance ESRhealthcare and EXEC STAFF RECRUITERSAssociate Attorney insuranceSan Diego, CaliforniaThe primary responsibilities of this position will include: Researching and drafting legal documents. To be successful in this role, you must have: A Juris Doctor degree from an accredited law school.
Legal Assistant Patenaude & Felix, APCLegal AssistantSan Diego, CAFull timeWho We ArePatenaude & Felix, APC has built a strong reputation for integrity, professionalism, and results in the field of creditors' rights and banking litigation. Patenaude & Felix, APC is seeking a dedicated and detail-oriented Legal Assistant to join our growing legal team.
Assistant United States Attorney -TERM (Civil) Border Fence U.S. Department of JusticeAssistant United States Attorney -TERM (Civil) Border FenceSan Diego, CA$88,510–$197,100 / yearPreferred Qualifications: Strong academic credentials, superior legal research and writing skills, quick analytical ability to accurately and precisely articulate critical case-related issues, high-volume courtroom experience, outstanding organizational, time management, and interpersonal skills, the ability to work in a supportive and professional team environment with other AUSAs, support staff, and investigative agencies, and a demonstrated commitment to professionalism, ethics, civility, and public service. Applicants should note that SF 15 requires supporting documentation associated with service-connected disabilities or receipt of nonservice-connected disability pensions to be dated 1991 or later except in the case of service members submitting official statements or retirement orders from a branch of the Armed Forces showing that retirement was due to a permanent service-connected disability or that they were transferred to the permanent disability retired list (the statement or retirement orders must indicate that the disability is 10% or more).
Assistant United States Attorney (Immigration) U.S. Department of JusticeAssistant United States Attorney (Immigration)San Diego, CA$77,135–$197,100 / yearApplicants should note that SF 15 requires supporting documentation associated with service-connected disabilities or receipt of nonservice-connected disability pensions to be dated 1991 or later except in the case of service members submitting official statements or retirement orders from a branch of the Armed Forces showing that retirement was due to a permanent service-connected disability or that they were transferred to the permanent disability retired list (the statement or retirement orders must indicate that the disability is 10% or more). The ideal candidate will have some experience working with multi-agency task forces; will have experience and familiarity with federal grand jury practice; will have experience with the use of a multitude of investigatory techniques, including electronic surveillance, tracking devices, search warrants, telephone toll record analysis and asset seizure and forfeiture; and will demonstrate the ability to handle complex cases from the initial investigative stage through trial.
Senior Attorney - Trusts & Estates JKZ LLPSenior Attorney - Trusts & EstatesSan Diego, CA$180,000–$220,000The Senior Attorney – Trusts & Estates independently manages and leads matters involving estate planning, trust formation and administration, probate proceedings, fiduciary representation, asset distribution, tax-related matters, and contested trust or estate disputes. The Senior Attorney – Trusts & Estates serves as a strategic advisor to clients, provides guidance and mentorship to associates and support staff, and collaborates closely with partners to advance client objectives and firm goals.
Associate Attorney - Trusts & Estates JKZ LLPAssociate Attorney - Trusts & EstatesSan Diego, CA$150,000–$180,000The Associate Attorney – Trusts & Estates supports Senior Attorneys and Partners in practice areas including estate planning, trust formation and administration, probate proceedings, fiduciary representation, asset distribution, tax-related matters, and contested trust or estate disputes. The role requires strong organizational, interpersonal and communication skills, excellent research and writing skills, and the Associate Attorney – Trusts & Estates must be able to multitask and manage a large caseload while fostering teamwork, collaboration, and a positive firm culture.
Associate Attorney - Family Law JKZ LLPAssociate Attorney - Family LawSan Diego, CAThe Associate Attorney - Family Law supports Senior Attorneys and Partners in family law practice areas including dissolutions, relationship agreements, custody/visitation issues, support disputes, property division, domestic violence proceedings, and adoptions. The role requires strong organizational, interpersonal and communication skills, excellent research and writing skills, and the Family Law Attorney must be able to multitask and manage a large caseload while fostering teamwork, collaboration, and a positive firm culture.
NewAssociate Attorney (Remote) Tyson & Mendes LLPAssociate Attorney (Remote)San Diego, CARemote$115,000–$160,000 / yearWith specialized training in our proven defense methods, clear paths to leadership, and robust professional development, we empower attorneys to grow their careers, build their personal brands, and become leaders in the field. Comprehensive benefits coverage offered, including plans available at zero employee cost (average annual employer contribution for health/vision/dental/life coverage is $700-$1,700).
NewAssociate Attorney Tyson & Mendes LLPAssociate AttorneySan Diego, CARemote$115,000–$160,000 / yearWith specialized training in our proven defense methods, clear paths to leadership, and robust professional development, we empower attorneys to grow their careers, build their personal brands, and become leaders in the field. Comprehensive benefits coverage offered, including plans available at zero employee cost (average annual employer contribution for health/vision/dental/life coverage is $700-$1,700).
Senior Attorney - Trusts & Estates Litigation JKZ LLPSenior Attorney - Trusts & Estates LitigationSan Diego, CAThe Senior Attorney – Trusts & Estates Litigation plays a key leadership role within the firm, handling complex trusts & estates litigation matters and providing guidance, mentorship, and strategic oversight to Associates and support staff. This position requires advanced litigation and negotiation skills, strong judgment, and the ability to independently manage high-value, multi-issue trusts & estates litigation cases.
Assistant United States Attorney (Border Wall) U.S. Department of JusticeAssistant United States Attorney (Border Wall)San Diego, CA$77,876–$197,100 / yearPreferred Qualifications: Strong academic credentials; sound judgment; experienced in Texas property law, real estate, and/or title work; exercises careful attention to detail in all work product; exceptional organizational, time management, and interpersonal skills; demonstrates initiative and can manage responsibilities independently while also collaborating effectively within a team environment; superior legal research and writing skills; strong ability to quickly analyze complex case issues with accuracy and precision; demonstrated commitment to professionalism, ethics, civility, and public service. Applicants should note that SF 15 requires supporting documentation associated with service-connected disabilities or receipt of nonservice-connected disability pensions to be dated 1991 or later except in the case of service members submitting official statements or retirement orders from a branch of the Armed Forces showing that retirement was due to a permanent service-connected disability or that they were transferred to the permanent disability retired list (the statement or retirement orders must indicate that the disability is 10% or more).
NewLegal Assistant Tyson & MendesLegal AssistantSan Diego, CaliforniaRemote$38–$46 / hourWith specialized training in our proven defense methods, clear paths to leadership, and robust professional development, we empower attorneys to grow their careers, build their personal brands, and become leaders in the field. (944) The Tyson & Mendes Office - YouTube We’re one of the fastest-growing civil defense firms in the country—known for breaking the mold of the traditional law firm.
Deposition Attorney Strategic Legal PracticesDeposition AttorneySan Diego, CARemote$130,000–$160,000The ideal candidate is a practical litigator who excels at preparing, taking, and defending depositions, can craft focused examination outlines, and partners with trial counsel to turn deposition testimony into winning trial strategy. Experience preparing deposition examination outlines, witness-prep, and deposition summaries/transcript analysis — including identifying impeachment material and drafting deposition designations for trial.
Family Law Associate Attorney BPT StaffingFamily Law Associate AttorneySan Diego, CA$135,000–$220,000 / yearThe founding attorney is a Certified Family Law Specialist with nearly two decades of experience and has built a practice around reasonable caseloads, genuine work-life balance, and a compensation model that rewards effort directly every single month, not at the end of a quarter or year. The culture is collaborative without being micromanage-y, the hours are flexible within a ~5 billable hours per workday expectation, and the firm has a firm no-jerks policy that keeps the environment genuinely supportive.
Healthcare & Medical Malpractice Associate Attorney California Job ShopHealthcare & Medical Malpractice Associate AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaLewis Brisbois represents healthcare providers, including hospitals, physicians, nurses, technicians, therapists, mental healthcare counselors, mental health facilities, pharmacists, dentists, podiatrists, clinics, skilled nursing facilities, assisted living facilities, and other industry representatives in state and federal courts and administrative proceedings. The firm handles medical malpractice actions in numerous areas, including obstetrics, geriatrics, emergency medicine, surgery, cardiology, general practice, pulmonary medicine, nursing, orthopedics, neurology, oncology, plastic surgery, ophthalmology, genetics testing, radiology, dentistry and podiatry.
General Liability Attorney Lewis BrisboisGeneral Liability AttorneySan Diego, CaliforniaFull timeThe ideal candidate will have strong research and writing skills and at least one (1) to fifteen (15) years of experience in all phases of insurance defense litigation including case management, motion practice, and discovery, as well as handling hearings, depositions, arbitrations, and trials. While the attorneys within the firm are equipped to handle a wide variety of matters, we excel in the litigation and trial of catastrophic injury, wrongful death, and complex litigation cases.