NewSenior Mechanical Engineer JobotSenior Mechanical EngineerTorrance, CA$1,200,000–$145,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. This team has delivered award-winning architectural and engineering solutions for both public and private sector clients across: Aerospace, Commercial and Industrial giants, Correctional and Government Facilities, Educational Institutions and Healthcare Facilities to name a few.
NewSenior Electrical Engineer JobotSenior Electrical EngineerLos Angeles, CA$125,000–$170,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. The ideal candidate will have a strong background in PCI, bus architectures, FPGA/CPLD Programmable logic, Xilinx, Altera, Digital Design, mil-spec, space program, debug, analog design, and space.
Electrical Engineer II (Torrance, CA) - HYBRID GCR Professional ServicesElectrical Engineer II (Torrance, CA) - HYBRIDTorrance, CaliforniaContractorSystem Analysis: Analyze electrical systems and circuits, perform calculations, and use simulation software to evaluate their performance and make necessary improvements. *Collaboration: Collaborate with other engineers, technicians, and professionals to integrate electrical systems into larger projects or products.
Student Engineer Marvin Test SolutionsStudent EngineerIrvine, CAAs a team member in a small group developing airborne electronic equipment, you will be selecting, ordering, logging, following-up and expediting part orders, researching the Internet and other written material, creating electrical drawings and documents, doing some basic electronic design and experiments. We are looking for a part time (15-25 hrs/wk) second- or third-year intern majoring in Electrical Engineering, Physics, CS or ME with a high level of organizational skills.
Staff Civil Engineer - Projects Disneyland ResortStaff Civil Engineer - ProjectsAnaheim, CA$126,800–$154,800 / year10+ years of experience in civil engineering design, including site layout, grading, drainage, utilities, stormwater management, erosion, and sedimentation control. Our department supports a wide range of project types that include shops, attractions, hotels, entertainment, maintenance facilities, offices, and nearly any built facility and area development found on our property.
Staff Machine Learning Engineer SamsaraStaff Machine Learning EngineerLos Angeles, CARemoteYou believe customers are more than a number: Samsara engineers enjoy a rare closeness to the end user and you will have the opportunity to participate in customer interviews, collaborate with customer success and product managers, and use metrics to ensure our work is translating into better customer outcomes. • You want to impact the industries that run our world: The software, firmware, and hardware you build will result in real-world impact—helping to keep the lights on, get food into grocery stores, and most importantly, ensure workers return home safely.
Senior Engineer (Product) - Remote LaterSenior Engineer (Product) - RemoteLos Angeles, CARemote$125,000–$205,000 / yearBy combining trusted insight with expert guidance, Later removes guesswork from influencer marketing, enabling brands to choose the right creators, execute fully managed campaigns, and drive meaningful growth across awareness, engagement, and revenue. Built on a native, AI-powered platform and more than a decade of proprietary data—including billions of social interactions, impressions, and $2.4B+ in verified influencer-driven purchases—Later helps teams understand what will work before they launch.
Sr. Product Engineer – Web Services EsriSr. Product Engineer – Web ServicesLos Angeles, CARemote$93,600–$159,328 / yearExperience working with ArcGIS applications and technologies (such as ArcGIS Hub, ArcGIS Map Viewer, ArcGIS REST APIs, ArcGIS API for Python, ArcGIS Maps SDKs). You will act as a service owner and trusted decision‑maker, shaping priorities, balancing tradeoffs, and ensuring our web services remain reliable, scalable, and valuable to customers over time.
Senior Software Engineer - Route Execution SamsaraSenior Software Engineer - Route ExecutionLos Angeles, CARemoteYou believe customers are more than a number: Samsara engineers enjoy a rare closeness to the end user and you will have the opportunity to participate in customer interviews, collaborate with customer success and product managers, and use metrics to ensure our work is translating into better customer outcomes. • You want to impact the industries that run our world: The software, firmware, and hardware you build will result in real-world impact—helping to keep the lights on, get food into grocery stores, and most importantly, ensure workers return home safely.
Senior Data Engineer - Agentic AI Engineering BoomiSenior Data Engineer - Agentic AI EngineeringLos Angeles, CAThis role focuses on building and operating scalable, high-quality data infrastructure that powers agentic AI systems, including LLM-based agents, multi-agent workflows, and tool-using AI systems. • Architect and build scalable, secure, and observable data infrastructure to power LLM-based agents, multi-agent systems, and tool-using AI workflows.
Senior Embedded Software Engineer Gables Search GroupSenior Embedded Software EngineerLos Angeles, CA$135,000–$200,000 / yearThis is an opportunity to work on all aspects of the system including device drivers, networking functions and services, encryption, and security features. ·Implementation of software portion of MAC (Medium Access Control) and mobile ad-hoc networking routing protocols.
Staff Software Engineer, Security & Privacy AbnormalStaff Software Engineer, Security & PrivacyLos Angeles, CADistributed systems expert – you bring deep experience designing and operating large-scale distributed systems, and have partnered with security teams to build secure-by-default solutions. Were looking for a distributed systems expert who has worked closely with security teams — someone who can drive Product Security at scale and translate that into clear, executable technical roadmaps.
R&D Engineer Gables Search GroupR&D EngineerLos Angeles, CA$100,000–$130,000 / yearBachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Science, or relevant field plus 4 years of demonstrated experience in FPGA design and testing/verification OR 2 years of FPGA experience in design and testing/verification with an MS or advanced degree. The successful individual in this role will participate in the design, simulation, prototyping, and testing of wireless communication and sensing projects and products.
Senior Wireless Communications Systems Engineer Gables Search GroupSenior Wireless Communications Systems EngineerLos Angeles, CA$140,000–$200,000 / yearOur Client is seeking a Senior Wireless Communication Systems Engineer to participate in all phases of wireless technology projects that include planning, design, implementation, prototyping, verification, and validation. Stricter U.S. Citizen ONLY requirements (needed for some Engineering or R&D roles) will be included in the Required Qualifications section of the posted position.
Principle R&D Engineer Gables Search GroupPrinciple R&D EngineerLos Angeles, CA$180,000–$250,000 / yearThe Principal Research and Development (R&D) Engineer oversees and participates in the capture, planning, design, prototyping, and verification of wireless technology projects. · When necessary, supervise a team of junior or senior engineers involved in a given project or R&D program for which the Principal Engineer is responsible.
NewForward Deployed Software Engineer JobotForward Deployed Software EngineerLos Angeles, CA$150,000–$210,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. Collaborate closely with cross-functional teams—including Sales and Operations—to support technical evaluations, guide pre-sales discussions, and define the scope of customer-facing projects.
NASI - Lead Research & Development Engineer - Advanced Vehicle Development (AVD) Subaru of America, Inc.NASI - Lead Research & Development Engineer - Advanced Vehicle Development (AVD)Cypress, CAFull timeAnswers questions from vendors and develops new evaluation/testing approaches as needed to achieve internal combustion engine (ICE), hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), and battery electric vehicle (BEV) performance targets. Defines the best practices in North American market to develop competitive future products with higher efficiency, longer range, easier/faster charging, higher safety, and lower production costs.
Creative Engineer, Research & Development (R&D) Escalon Recruiting DoneCreative Engineer, Research & Development (R&D)Santa Monica, California$120,000–$125,000 / yearOur client is seeking a highly curious, hands-on Creative Engineer to lead research, experimentation, and innovation initiatives that shape the future of its products, operations, and AI-powered solutions. Working closely with leadership and the R&D team, you'll have the freedom to experiment, challenge conventional thinking, and help define the next generation of products and technology initiatives.
Research and Prototyping Engineer ArcturusResearch and Prototyping EngineerLos Angeles, CaliforniaCurrently pursuing or recently completed a BS, MS, or PhD in materials science, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, electrical engineering, physics, chemistry, manufacturing engineering, or a related technical field. Arcturus is creating a new wire technology stack that uses carbon nanomaterials to overcome the materials limitations of metals where performance breaks down, at real operating temperatures.
NewResearch Engineer 6 - TL, Off-Platform and Evidence Personalization Netflix IncResearch Engineer 6 - TL, Off-Platform and Evidence PersonalizationCAThe role spans building entirely new systems from scratch (Rejoin message personalization, GenAI message creation) and applying advanced methods to further optimize existing levers. You will own production ML systems at the intersection of product and platform, spanning GenAI-powered message and asset creation, Commerce, and new content experiences.
Senior Research and Prototyping Engineer ArcturusSenior Research and Prototyping EngineerLos Angeles, CaliforniaBuild and support experimental gas-flow and vacuum setups for CVD/LCVD-style experiments, including chambers, pumps, fittings, gas lines, flow control, laminar flow considerations, thermal profiles, and precursor delivery. Build, align, and troubleshoot laser and optical test setups, including lenses, mounts, focal distance, working distance, spot size, beam path alignment, and practical resolution constraints.
Engineer, Drug Product Process Development and Tech Transfer Project Support - (JP15004) 3 Key ConsultingEngineer, Drug Product Process Development and Tech Transfer Project Support - (JP15004)Thousand Oaks, CaliforniaAs a member of the process development team, the candidate will be focused on supporting senior staff to develop and characterize drug product technologies and manufacturing capabilities, as well as assist in the process validation and technology transfer of multiple client products to the aseptic fill finish manufacturing plants within their Thousand Oaks facilities and which includes various production lines. The candidate will be primarily responsible for executing characterization studies and other experiments at the lab scale and production scale to generate technical data packages using complex technology, while organizing data and analyzing results under supervision of senior staff.
NewDevelopment and Testing Engineer 1 Edison InternationalDevelopment and Testing Engineer 1Westminster, CAYour work will play a key role in advancing SCE Pathway 2045 vision, as you test and demonstrate new technology that supports a clean, affordable, and reliable grid across our infrastructure. Assists with engineering projects using existing procedures to investigate, evaluate and assist in producing technically correct and cost-effective designs and solutions.
NewDevelopment and Testing Engineer 1 Southern California EdisonDevelopment and Testing Engineer 1Westminster, CAVisit our Candidate Resource (https://www.edisoncareers.com/page/show/candidate-resources) page to get meaningful information related to benefits, perks, resources, testing information, hiring process, and more! Your work will play a key role in advancing SCE Pathway 2045 vision, as you test and demonstrate new technology that supports a clean, affordable, and reliable grid across our infrastructure.
Machine Learning (ML) Ops Engineer - IS Clinical Research - Full Time 8 Hour Days (Exempt) (Non-Union) University of Southern CaliforniaMachine Learning (ML) Ops Engineer - IS Clinical Research - Full Time 8 Hour Days (Exempt) (Non-Union)Los Angeles, CaliforniaWhen extending an offer of employment, the University of Southern California considers factors such as (but not limited to) the scope and responsibilities of the position, the candidate’s work experience, education/training, key skills, internal peer equity, federal, state, and local laws, contractual stipulations, grant funding, as well as external market and organizational considerations. Lead engineering efforts in creating and implementing methods and workflows for ML/GenAI model engineering, LLM advancements, and optimizing deployment frameworks while aligning with business strategic directions.
Research & Development Technical Program Manager Motorola Solutions IncResearch & Development Technical Program ManagerLos Angeles, CA$160,000–$200,000 / yearBachelor's degree in Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Computer Science, or a related technical field plus a minimum 5 years of relevant program management and/or engineering experience in a technology-driven organization, or 3 years of relevant program management and/or engineering experience in a technology-driven organization with an advanced degree (MS or PhD) in Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Computer Science, or a related technical field. Silvus Technologies, the global leader in advanced MIMO mesh networking solutions for defense, industrial, and public safety applications, is seeking an R&D Technical Program Manager reporting to the VIce President of Research and Development.
Research Optical Engineer - Butte Lab - Department of Neurosurgery Cedars-Sinai Medical CenterResearch Optical Engineer - Butte Lab - Department of NeurosurgeryLos Angeles, CADesigns optical, imaging, spectroscopic, opto-mechanical, opto-electronic systems, assemblies, and components employing optical or imaging system design principles and computational tools. The Research Optical Engineer will participate in research activities involving development design, investigation, technical, testing/validation of results, and report findings (including developing independent presentations).
Assistant Research Professor - Brain Tumor Immunology and Therapeutic Delivery City of HopeAssistant Research Professor - Brain Tumor Immunology and Therapeutic DeliveryDuarte, CADevelop translational therapeutic strategies, including nucleic-acid-based immunotherapies, immune-cell-based drug delivery approaches, CAR T-cell collaborations, and bioengineering/device development efforts. Identify therapeutic opportunities through Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE) pathway targeting, gene regulation, and evaluation of novel small-molecule RAGE inhibitors in preclinical models.
Research Engineer (Engineer II) STIResearch Engineer (Engineer II)Hawthorne, CaliforniaPerforms moderate to advanced design and analysis tasks in the areas of vehicle modeling, guidance, navigation and control, flight test, and related fields with an emphasis on development and implementation of innovative solutions. Supports the design and implementation of Matlab/C/C++ based tools and displays in the areas of flight test, vehicle assessment, aircraft/eVTOL certification, autonomous operations, and other needs as assigned.
NewResearch Engineer (Engineer I) - UAS Hardware & Software STIResearch Engineer (Engineer I) - UAS Hardware & SoftwareHawthorne, CaliforniaPerforms moderate to advanced design and analysis tasks in vehicle modeling, guidance, navigation and control (GNC), and flight test relevant to small UAS airframes, with an emphasis on developing and implementing innovative solutions. Assists with hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) and software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation setups to validate subsystems prior to flight test.
Audio ML Engineer (Research) Harman International Industries IncAudio ML Engineer (Research)Northridge, CA$134,250–$196,900 / yearLearning-Based Perception Models: Develop ML models for perception-related tasks (e.g., quality prediction, artifact detection, scene/context classification, personalization embeddings, preference modeling). Embedded + Cloud Deployment Focus: Design solutions that can run on-device (quantized, efficient inference) and/or scale in cloud pipelines (batch evaluation, fleet learning, offline training + on-device inference).
Audio ML Engineer (Research) Harman Becker Automotive Systems Manufacturing KftAudio ML Engineer (Research)Northridge, CaliforniaLearning-Based Perception Models: Develop ML models for perception-related tasks (e.g., quality prediction, artifact detection, scene/context classification, personalization embeddings, preference modeling). Embedded + Cloud Deployment Focus: Design solutions that can run on-device (quantized, efficient inference) and/or scale in cloud pipelines (batch evaluation, fleet learning, offline training + on-device inference).
Research Engineer, Human Understanding, DeepMind Google LLCResearch Engineer, Human Understanding, DeepMindLos Angeles, CAFrom creating experiments and prototyping implementations to designing new architectures, engineers work on real-world problems including artificial intelligence, data mining, natural language processing, hardware and software performance analysis, improving compilers for mobile platforms, as well as core search and much more. Conduct experimental research cycles from hypothesis to deployment, focusing on areas like scalable deepfake detection, privacy-preserving matching, and consistent human likeness generation.
Research Engineer, Human Understanding DeepMind Technologies LtdResearch Engineer, Human UnderstandingLos Angeles, CAWe develop systems to provide perception skills critical for person-centric applications, which is crucial for enabling AI to interact naturally & seamlessly, depict humans accurately & responsibly in generative AI, and build trustworthy & resilient systems that can detect and prevent misuse like deepfakes and impersonation. You will play a critical role in developing and deploying models that can provide accurate human understanding across multiple modalities (e.g., visual appearance, voice, dynamics, etc), while also building robust defenses against sophisticated AI-driven manipulation and impersonation.
Machine Learning/Operations Research Platform Engineer Kinaxis IncMachine Learning/Operations Research Platform EngineerCAML/OR Platform Engineers at Kinaxis build the infrastructure and software that allows machine-learning models and optimization algorithms to be trained, deployed, scaled, monitored, and used in our Supply Chain applications while also contributing directly to the algorithms themselves. Our cloud-based platform Maestro ensures that the products we need - everything from medicine and cars to day-to-day items like toothpaste - make it to market and into our hands when we need them with minimal ecological footprint.
Senior Research Engineer STISenior Research EngineerHawthorne, CaliforniaSuch activities may include data analysis, model development and other related technical activities, developing general R&D software tools to increase company capabilities, and documenting work in appropriate company and customer reports. As a 100% employee-owned company, STI understands that employees' individual and collective hard work and dedication will lead directly to the success of the company in the long term.
Principal Research Engineer STIPrincipal Research EngineerHawthorne, CaliforniaThe Principal Research Engineer also manages multiple contracts that involve tracking budgets, ensuring successful deliverables, and managing junior engineers. As a 100% employee-owned company, STI understands that employees' individual and collective hard work and dedication will lead directly to the success of the company in the long term.
Quantum Research Engineer, Quantum Computing Amazon.com IncQuantum Research Engineer, Quantum ComputingPasadena, CAThe ideal candidate should have expertise in 3D CAD (SolidWorks), thermal and structural FEA (Ansys/COMSOL), hardware design for cryogenic applications, design for manufacturing, and mechanical engineering principles. Due to applicable export control laws and regulations, candidates must be either a U.S. citizen or national, U.S. permanent resident (i.e., current Green Card holder), or lawfully admitted into the U.S. as a refugee or granted asylum, or be able to obtain a US export license.
Perceptual Audio Engineer (Research) Harman International Industries IncPerceptual Audio Engineer (Research)Northridge, CA$134,250–$196,900 / yearUser Testing & Listening Studies: Design and execute subjective evaluations (ABX, preference tests, rating studies), including stimulus generation, panel guidance, statistical analysis, and repeatability. Metrics & Methods Development: Create perceptual metrics and evaluation methodologies that correlate with human preference and quality judgments (timbre, artifacts, clarity, spatial realism, comfort/fatigue).
Adversarial AI & Research Engineer Salesforce IncAdversarial AI & Research EngineerCA$148,500–$223,900 / yearInnovate in AI attack techniques by combining cutting-edge academic research with proven offensive security methods to establish new Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures, and operationalize emerging research to keep assessments aligned with the state of the art. Proven experience leading complex technical projects and/or mentoring security teams, with exceptional ability to communicate high-stakes technical risks to both engineering and executive audiences.
Perceptual Audio Engineer (Research) Harman Becker Automotive Systems Manufacturing KftPerceptual Audio Engineer (Research)Northridge, CaliforniaUser Testing & Listening Studies: Design and execute subjective evaluations (ABX, preference tests, rating studies), including stimulus generation, panel guidance, statistical analysis, and repeatability. Metrics & Methods Development: Create perceptual metrics and evaluation methodologies that correlate with human preference and quality judgments (timbre, artifacts, clarity, spatial realism, comfort/fatigue).
Senior Security Research Engineer Exabeam, LLCSenior Security Research EngineerCA$162,000–$172,000 / yearThe ideal candidate is equally comfortable reverse engineering attacker tradecraft, designing scalable detection logic, guiding complex technical decisions, mentoring researchers and engineers, and leveraging AI technologies to accelerate research, content development, and product innovation. We are looking for a Senior Security Research Engineer who will help drive Exabeam's R&D efforts by distilling threat research, attacker tactics, techniques, and procedures into actionable intelligence for our New Scale Analytics Platform.
Research Scientist, Modeling of Readout and Reset, Quantum Google LLCResearch Scientist, Modeling of Readout and Reset, QuantumLos Angeles, CAFrom creating experiments and prototyping implementations to designing new architectures, our research scientists work on real-world problems that span the breadth of computer science, such as machine (and deep) learning, data mining, natural language processing, hardware and software performance analysis, improving compilers for mobile platforms, as well as core search and much more. As a Research Scientist, you"ll also actively contribute to the wider research community by sharing and publishing your findings, with ideas inspired by internal projects as well as from collaborations with research programs at partner universities and technical institutes all over the world.
Staff Research Engineer - Computer Graphics, Next Generation AI/ML Animation R&D Sony Group CorpStaff Research Engineer - Computer Graphics, Next Generation AI/ML Animation R&DCulver City, CA$175,000–$200,000 / yearResponsibilities include driving technical requirements for novel animation algorithm R&D in close collaboration with Sony's professional creators and world-class research scientist teams to analyze, benchmark, validate and develop complex algorithms of novel 3D content creation workflow efficiently. With some 900 million Sony devices in hands and homes worldwide today, a vast array of Sony movies, television shows and music, and the PlayStation Network, Sony creates and delivers more entertainment experiences to more people than anyone else on earth.
Camera Software- Sr. Machine Learning Research Engineer Apple IncCamera Software- Sr. Machine Learning Research EngineerCAIn this role, you will work hands-on with diffusion models, transformers and next-gen generative techniques, while collaborating closely with product, design and research teams to bring your ideas to life. Develop comprehensive evaluation frameworks including implementing quantitative metrics and qualitative analysis methodologies, conducting ablation studies and hyper-parameter optimization, for model performance assessment.
Research Engineer HeyGenResearch EngineerLos Angeles, CAApplied Innovation and Product Development: Harness your knowledge of generative models, including GANs, Diffusion models, and other multi-modal models, to propel our video creation tools forward. Real-World Solutions: Channel your research capabilities to develop scalable solutions that have a significant impact on our platform, making the video creation process more intuitive, powerful, and accessible to our users.
Staff Mechanical Product Development Engineer- Integrated Predictive Analysis TE Connectivity plcStaff Mechanical Product Development Engineer- Integrated Predictive AnalysisCARemoteDevelop and deploy integrated predictive engineering methodologies, combining product design, manufacturing simulation, and multiphysics analysis to enable robust, first-time-right solutions for complex electro-mechanical systems (connectors, high-speed I/O, enclosures, power-dense assemblies). What your background should look like: Required Skills/Experience: Bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering or Physics with 8+ years of experience, or a Masters degree in Mechanical Engineering or Physics, or equivalent amount of experience in mechanical product development in connector, electronics, or high-reliability hardware industries.
Senior Additive Manufacturing Development Engineer Freeform Future CorpSenior Additive Manufacturing Development EngineerLos Angeles, CA$110,000–$200,000 / yearNice to Have: • Master's degree in mechanical engineering, materials engineering, or similar technical discipline • Process development experience for metal additive manufacturing • Scripting experience in Matlab (or similar) for toolpath generation • Experience working with internal and/or external customers • Mechanical systems design experience • Detail oriented with excellent verbal, graphical, and technical communication skills • Demonstrated creative problem solving abilities and positive attitude. Basic Qualifications: • Bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering or similar technical discipline • 5+ years of professional experience with additive manufacturing • 2+ years of professional experience with direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) • Experience with print file preparation • Experience with DFAM and CAD software.
Additive Manufacturing Development Engineer Freeform Future CorpAdditive Manufacturing Development EngineerLos Angeles, CA$90,000–$140,000 / yearNice to Have: • Experience with metal 3D printing • Master's degree in mechanical engineering or aerospace engineering • Strong academic track record • Passion for additive manufacturing • Scrappy, first-principles approach to solving hard problems • Team-oriented mindset and positive attitude • Detail oriented with excellent verbal, graphical, and technical communication skills. DMLS (Direct Metal Laser Sintering) or LPBF (Laser Powder Bed Fusion) experience Process development experience for metal additive manufacturing Scripting experience in Matlab (or similar) for toolpath generation Experience working with internal and/or external customers Mechanical systems design experience.
Development Engineer IV First Solar IncDevelopment Engineer IVCA$129,480–$180,000 / yearRequired Expertise: 10+ years of R&D experience in thin-film solar or a closely related field, with a deep, authoritative knowledge of vacuum technology, sputtering deposition mechanics, plasma physics, and their direct impact on the nucleation and growth of thin films. Characterization Mastery: In-depth knowledge of thin-film material characterization techniques with the proven ability to interpret complex data from tools such as Ellipsometry, XRD, XPS, RAMAN, UV-Vis, AFM/STM, TEM, and SEM.