Senior Instrumentation Software Engineer KLASenior Instrumentation Software EngineerAnn Arbor, MichiganEnabling the movement towards advanced chip design, KLA's Global Products Group (GPG), which is responsible for creating all of KLA’s metrology and inspection products, is looking for the best and the brightest research scientist, software engineers, application development engineers, and senior product technology process engineers. Our expert teams of physicists, engineers, data scientists and problem-solvers work together with the world’s leading technology providers to accelerate the delivery of tomorrow’s electronic devices.
Mechanical Engineer KLAMechanical EngineerAnn Arbor, MichiganEnabling the movement towards advanced chip design, KLA's Global Products Group (GPG), which is responsible for creating all of KLA’s metrology and inspection products, is looking for the best and the brightest research scientist, software engineers, application development engineers, and senior product technology process engineers. With over 40 years of semiconductor process control experience, chipmakers around the globe rely on KLA to ensure that their fabs ramp next-generation devices to volume production quickly and cost-effectively.
Chassis Controls Software/Systems Engineer Ford Motor CoChassis Controls Software/Systems EngineerDearborn, MI$5–$6 / hourYou''ll contribute to a wide range of steering, suspension, and brake control features, including Stability Control, Regenerative Braking, Trail Control, Lane Centering/Keeping, and Semi-Active Suspension. Your work will span the full development lifecycle - from high-level requirements and system engineering down to software implementation (hand-coded and/or model-based) and validation of both software and systems.
Electrical Distribution System (EDS) Quality Engineer Ford Motor CoElectrical Distribution System (EDS) Quality EngineerDearborn, MI$84,480–$141,360 / yearDrive Root Cause & Prevention: Lead cross-functional teams in rigorous root-cause analysis and establish permanent Prevent Recurrence Actions (PRA) for quality issues identified before, during, and after vehicle launch, utilizing structured problem-solving tools (with a strong emphasis on the 3-Legged 5-Why approach). As the Electrical Distribution System (EDS) Quality Engineer, you will play a pivotal role in ensuring that our vehicles' low-voltage and high-voltage Electrical Distribution Systems meet rigorous design requirements, engineering specifications, and-most importantly-the high expectations of our customers.
Technical Systems Integration Engineer Ford Motor CoTechnical Systems Integration EngineerDearborn, MI$125,362–$192,900 / yearSupport prototype build events, including but not limited to Electrical Breadboards and Prototype Vehicles, with the responsibility to flash and configure electronic modules, execute modules diagnostics self-test routines, perform functional tests, KOL tests, understand and solve Electronic Systems Integration issues that may happen due to hardware or software maturity, collect vehicle CAN communication logs to support troubleshoot work, interface with design engineers from other functional areas to root cause issues. Bachelor's degree or foreign equivalent in Computer Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering or a related field and 5 years of progressive, post-baccalaureate experience in the job offered or a related occupation.
Staff Software Engineer Rocket Companies IncStaff Software EngineerMI$149,000–$318,000 / yearIn the AI Workflows & Builder role, this means designing and delivering the context engineering infrastructure, AI harness frameworks, and developer automation that enable Servicing Digital's engineering teams to work at a new level of velocity. If you believe the next frontier of software delivery isn't faster engineers - it's autonomous systems that compress months of work into days, and days into hours - and you want to be the person who builds that reality at Rocket scale, this role was made for you.
Mfg Process Engineer (Round Parts) Ford Motor CoMfg Process Engineer (Round Parts)Dearborn, MI$74,300–$124,500 / yearThis role requires a unique blend of technical expertise in CNC machining, a passion for quality systems, and the ability to build the working relationships necessary to move projects across the finish line. We are looking for a high-energy Process Engineer who possesses "dual-threat" engineering sensibilities-combining a deep understanding of mechanical systems with an aptitude for electrical and controls logic.
NewStaff Software Engineer, Cloud Platform - Nova General Motors CoStaff Software Engineer, Cloud Platform - NovaWarren, MI$184,100–$275,450 / yearThe right candidate will have experience running platforms on Kubernetes, building operators and related control-plane capabilities, and abstracting away platform complexity so that customers can focus on delivering business value. The size, complexity, and reach of the platform create an environment where great engineers can have outsized impact by simplifying hard problems, building reusable abstractions, and improving how large numbers of teams deliver software.
Suspension PD Engineer Ford Motor CoSuspension PD EngineerDearborn, MI$65,100–$166,200 / yearEngage with Chassis Architecture, Chassis Systems Engineering, Vehicle Engineering (Vehicle Dynamics and NVH), Vehicle Evaluation and Verification, Vehicle Operations, and the Plant Vehicle Team to deliver robust suspension components and systems to final production that meet vehicle level performance requirements. Guide validation of suspension components/systems, reviewing test loads, set ups, reports, and results for both internal and external testing at the vehicle, system, and component levels and reporting requirements in the Ford Engineering Design Environment.
Advanced Electric Drive and Power Electronics Engineer General Motors CoAdvanced Electric Drive and Power Electronics EngineerWarren, MItesting electric drives, motors, and power electronics; Power electronics theory and principles; Design for EMC in power electronics modules; Electrified vehicle system and integration; Commercial tools for modeling and simulation of power electronics and electric drives; High-voltage laboratory and dynamometer environment; and Electrical and mechanical CAD/CAE tools. Supports multi-functional team led by advanced propulsion system architects in the development of Electrified Propulsion System Architectures through the Advanced Technology Work (ATW), Balanced Architecture (BA), and early GPDP development phase in accordance with the Electrification Process Engineering.
VDDV (CAE) Engineer General Motors CoVDDV (CAE) EngineerWarren, MIThree (3) years of experience with the following: Linear Analysis including Nastran and Optistruct and Non-Linear Analysis including LS-Dyna; Seat Finite Element Analysis (FEA); Automotive Physical Test methods; Material properties as input into CAE analysis tools; Production processes including foundry, forging, pressed metal and machine tool activities; Engineering mechanics, physics, metallurgy and manufacturing methods engineering; Develop FEA plans; and Correlate analysis results to physical test and update FEA models and FEA models and FEA procedures and document results in FEA reports. REQUIREMENTS: Master's degree in Mechanical Engineering, Structural Engineering, or related field of study and Three (3) years of experience as a CAE Engineer, Safety Engineer, Product Engineer, or related role.
Rotational Applications Engineer MMI Engineered SolutionsRotational Applications EngineerSaline, MIFull timeThis position is designed to provide hands-on experience across multiple disciplines within the organization, helping develop a broad understanding of manufacturing, quality, operations, and applications engineering prior to transitioning into a full-time Applications Engineering role. MMI is a plastic injection molding and engineering solutions provider headquartered in Saline, Michigan, with offices in Troy, Warren, and Monterrey, Mexico.
Manufacturing Engineer Senior Roush Enterprises IncManufacturing Engineer SeniorLivonia, MIWidely recognized for providing engineering, testing, prototype, and manufacturing services to the transportation industry, Roush also provides significant support to the aerospace, defense and theme park industries. As a Manufacturing Engineer Senior, you will: Provide manufacturing feasibility assessments for capacity requirements, product design, engineering changes, scope changes and quality concerns.
Energtics Engineer Williams InternationalEnergtics EngineerPontiac, MIWilliams International is a Drug Free Workplace where all new team members and contractors are subject to pre-employment drug testing for the following controlled substances: marijuana, cocaine, PCP, amphetamines, opioids and alcohol as policy dictates. Bachelor's Degree or higher in a relevant science/engineering or systems/project management discipline (e.g., Chemistry, Mechanical Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Project Management).
Senior Systems Engineer Rocket Companies IncSenior Systems EngineerDetroit, MIWe are looking for an engineer who is excited to help us evolve from traditional infrastructure support toward a platform engineering model focused on automation, observability, secure self-service, reusable patterns, AI-assisted operations, and cloud-based data infrastructure best practices. Experience building reusable infrastructure patterns, self-service workflows, automated runbooks, service catalog items, observability capabilities, Kubernetes/container platforms, or other internal platform capabilities.
Senior AI/ML Engineer - Autonomy CI Platform General Motors CoSenior AI/ML Engineer - Autonomy CI PlatformWarren, MI$170,600–$261,300 / yearBenefit options include medical, dental, vision, Health Savings Account, Flexible Spending Accounts, retirement savings plan, sickness and accident benefits, life insurance, paid vacation & holidays, tuition assistance programs, employee assistance program, GM vehicle discounts and more. This includes services such as the Remote Build Execution (RBE) service which allows GM AI to reliably test at scale and the build artifact storage which is a FUSE based network file system used in conjunction with RBE.
Distinguished Engineer - Servicing Tech Rocket Companies IncDistinguished Engineer - Servicing TechMI$249,500–$529,500 / yearOur teams across Servicing Digital, Servicing Core, Servicing Platform, Non-Performing Loans, and Team Member Experience build and operate everything from the client portal on Rocket.com to the internal systems that loan servicing, collections, finance, compliance, and investor relations rely on across the loan lifecycle. Demonstrated company-wide and cross-domain technical impact, with a track record of work that altered the trajectory of multiple parts of the business rather than a single team or stack.
Senior Sub System Lead Engineer - Engine Controls Development & Integration General Motors CoSenior Sub System Lead Engineer - Engine Controls Development & IntegrationWarren, MIBenefit options include medical, dental, vision, Health Savings Account, Flexible Spending Accounts, retirement savings plan, sickness and accident benefits, life insurance, paid vacation & holidays, tuition assistance programs, employee assistance program, GM vehicle discounts and more. Create and maintain Features, Stories, and/or Change Requests to manage requirements and specifications of sub-systems using change management tools (e.g., IBM Rational Team Concert, Jira, etc.).
Senior Active Chassis Calibration Engineer General Motors CoSenior Active Chassis Calibration EngineerMilford, MIActive Chassis calibration is highly dynamic work involving significant hands-on time spent driving, evaluating and calibrating vehicles, deep technical analysis of the resulting data, and efforts to continually enhance the underlying algorithm, controls and processes. Candidates should possess strong experience with Brake Control systems, in-vehicle performance evaluation, vehicle dynamics expertise, calibration experience in a complex technology area, along with demonstrated planning, communication, teamwork, and prioritization skills.
Manager, Software Engineer - Cloud Platform General Motors CoManager, Software Engineer - Cloud PlatformWarren, MI$160,000–$240,000 / yearThe role is especially well suited for a leader who thinks about platform capabilities as products for internal customers and wants to help create the paved roads and shared operating model that make the secure, reliable path the easiest path for engineering teams. The right candidate will bring strong engineering management experience, technical depth in cloud platform engineering, and a clear track record of helping teams deliver and run highly reliable shared services.
Staff Software Engineer, Chassis Controls General Motors CoStaff Software Engineer, Chassis ControlsWarren, MITo elevate the quality, efficiency, and excellence of embedded controls software development across the VMEC Chassis Controls organization by serving as a technical multiplier: identifying and eliminating systemic friction, building durable tools and processes, mentoring engineers at all levels, and influencing software design up front. They provide technical leadership across multiple teams, engaging early in new software implementations alongside key technical stakeholders to shape design decisions before code is written.
Senior Hardware Manufacturing Test Engineer Ford Motor CoSenior Hardware Manufacturing Test EngineerAllen Park, MI$135,420–$226,980 / yearThe Senior Engineer is expected to operate with a high degree of autonomy, provide technical leadership across cross‑functional teams, mentor junior engineers, and act as a key contributor in manufacturing readiness reviews and new product introductions (NPI). We are seeking a highly experienced Senior Manufacturing Hardware Test Engineer to lead the architecture, development, and deployment of end‑of‑line (EOL) manufacturing test systems for electronic and electromechanical products.
Staff Hardware Engineer: Connectivity Modules General Motors CoStaff Hardware Engineer: Connectivity ModulesWarren, MI$145,000–$222,200 / yearThe ideal candidate has deep, hands-on experience developing and executing component- and system-level test plans for systems involving high-performance computing and wireless interfaces, plus a proven track record of leading and mentoring engineers, and influencing cross-functional direction. This role is tightly coupled to cross-functional teams, including mechanical designers, PCB layout, product managers, RF/Wireless and systems engineers, suppliers, and software/firmware teams, to: Create secure and reliable Connectivity solutions.
Senior Software Engineer - DevOps & Platform, AI Systems Ford Motor CoSenior Software Engineer - DevOps & Platform, AI SystemsDearborn, MI$7–$8 / hourFord is a 120-year-old company moving fast on AI, and that''s the real challenge: building a world-class platform inside a large enterprise with real constraints - security, compliance, legacy systems. Build the infrastructure that runs LLM and agentic systems in production - scaling, cost control, and the deployment patterns AI apps actually need.
Product Development Engineer - Wiring Low Voltage Ford Motor CoProduct Development Engineer - Wiring Low VoltageDearborn, MI$74,300–$166,200 / yearIntermediate Visio: Formatting shapes, creating custom stencils, managing page layouts and gridlines, and designing technical diagrams like floor plans or organizational charts using the built-in wizards. Support parts implementation and sign-off at manufacturing and assembly plants, assisting with quality issue resolution across all program milestones - including periodic travel to Ford México or Full Service Supplier wire manufacturing plants.
NewProject Engineer Senior - Roush Products Group Roush Enterprises IncProject Engineer Senior - Roush Products GroupLivonia, MIJob Summary: The Project Engineer Senior within Roush Products Group (RPG) is a broad role that requires working on a variety of automotive vehicle systems including powertrain, body and chassis related systems. Widely recognized for providing engineering, testing, prototype, and manufacturing services to the transportation industry, Roush also provides significant support to the aerospace, defense and theme park industries.
Hardware Design Engineer - PCB layout General Motors CoHardware Design Engineer - PCB layoutWarren, MI$98,300–$177,800 / yearThe ECU hardware design team's mission is to ensure our products are designed to target the growing needs of our customers while ensuring robust, well-designed hardware which meets GM specifications and testing requirements from early hardware through the production design. The Role: In-vehicle electronics is a fast-growing technology in the global automotive industry featuring many cutting-edge technologies such as Compute, body controllers, multi-view cameras, Gig+Ethernet, PCIe, digital/analog interfaces and more.
NewThermal Lead Development Engineer - GM Defense General Motors CoThermal Lead Development Engineer - GM DefenseMilford, MIThis role leads a cross-functional team including hardware performance and design release engineers, comfort and propulsion/powertrain cooling calibrators, and thermal analysis engineers, serving as the Thermal single-point contact to the program team and other integration areas - working closely with vehicle systems engineers, technical leads, and program management. Lead issue resolution for customer-facing concerns related to comfort, quality, and warranty; balance ongoing system and feature continuous improvement work alongside active program milestone delivery.
Sr. Algorithm Engineer AptivSr. Algorithm EngineerTroy, MichiganWe are looking for Automated Driving Algorithm Developers, who will be responsible for developing advanced sensor fusion and vehicle tracking algorithms within Aptiv that meet the requirement of L0-L3 autonomous driving system. Key skills and competencies for succeeding in this role are: Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering or relevant filed.
Simulation Engineer III, Autonomy & Robotics Blue OriginSimulation Engineer III, Autonomy & RoboticsSouthgate, Washingtonand/or transports placardable amounts of hazardous materials by ground in any vehicle on a public road while in commerce, may be subject to additional Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations including: Driver Qualification Files, Medical Certification (obtained before onboarding), Road Test, Hours of Service, Drug and Alcohol Testing (CDL drivers only), vehicle inspection requirements, CDL requirements (if applicable) and hazardous materials transportation/shipping training. Required for Certain Job Profiles: Drivers who operate Commercial Motor Vehicles with a Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW), Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) or combination of power unit and trailer that meets or exceeds 10,001 lbs.
System Modeling & Integration Engineer AptivSystem Modeling & Integration EngineerTroy, MISafety is a core Aptiv value; we want a safer world for us and our children, one with: Zero fatalities, Zero injuries, Zero accidents. You'll have the opportunity to work on cutting-edge applications, develop breakthrough technologies, and deliver innovative solutions to some of the world's leading automotive brands.
NewControls Engineer Aunt Millie'sControls EngineerPlymouth, MIAs a Controls Engineer, you will drive manufacturing excellence by developing and implementing enhanced methods that improve quality, reduce costs, enhance safety, and decrease lead times through lean concepts and tools. Provide direction and execute programming for installation and technical troubleshooting of PLC ladder-logic based hardware and software applications throughout the plant.
PROGRAM MANAGER OP MobilityPROGRAM MANAGERTroy, MIToday, OPmobility develops technological solutions across four areas of expertise: exterior and lighting systems, the integration of complex modules, technologies related to energy storage, hydrogen and electrification, and a division dedicated to the development of embedded software and digital solutions. We are committed to building inclusive teams, promoting diversity and equality, and ensuring that every application is considered fairly - because the future of mobility is built by diverse perspectives, bold ideas, and people who dare to move forward.
Applications Engineer, EST & LCR Chroma Systems Solutions, Inc.Applications Engineer, EST & LCRWixom, MI$32.45–$51.92 / hourAbout the Organization Chroma Systems Solutions, Inc. is a leading designer and manufacturer of power testing instruments and systems including programmable AC Power Source and DC Power Supplies, AC loads and DC Electronic Loads, Digital Power Meters and Automated Testing Systems for applications in LED Lighting, Led Drivers, Aerospace, Defense, Military, Automotive, Medical, Battery, Solar, Marine, and Regulatory Testing. Chroma Systems Solutions, Inc. is a leading designer and manufacturer of power testing instruments and systems including programmable AC Power Source and DC Power Supplies, AC loads and DC Electronic Loads, Digital Power Meters and Automated Testing Systems for applications in LED Lighting, Led Drivers, Aerospace, Defense, Military, Automotive, Medical, Battery, Solar, Marine, and Regulatory Testing.
NewLead Applications Engineer Eaton Corporation PlcLead Applications EngineerSouthfield, MI$97,000–$143,000 / yearThis individual will lead application engineering efforts, support business growth through RFQ and program acquisition activities, coordinate cross-functional development teams, and drive successful product integration into OEM vehicle platforms. This role is responsible for leading customer-facing engineering activities related to power conversion and advanced mobility solutions across commercial vehicle and passenger vehicle applications.
Applications Engineer Convergix Automation SolutionsApplications EngineerDetroit, MIAs a team, we are on an improvement journey in pursuit of our vision: to become the ultimate trusted partner to our customers, capable of solving any industrial automation challenge with our passionate people, world-renowned processes, and diverse experience. Your role will entail developing an accurate budget and project proposal, aligning key concept points, sequence of operations, and mechanical descriptions to create a custom integrated system to meet the customer requirements.
Experienced Applications Engineer MMI Engineered Solutions IncExperienced Applications EngineerSaline, MIKey Responsibilities: Serve as the primary technical interface with customers to develop program timing, budgets, and engineered solutions focused on weight reduction, cost optimization, performance improvement, and enhanced functionality. Who We Are: MMI is a plastic injection molding and engineering solutions provider headquartered in Saline, Michigan, with offices in Troy, Warren, and Monterrey, Mexico.
Applications Engineer TRUMPFApplications EngineerPlymouth, MichiganManage and execute customer application trials and demonstrations, including communication with customers, evaluating technical requirements, preparing, and processing customer applications, writing reports and following up with customers. Laser Applications Engineers works as a part of the Laser Applications Laboratory group demonstrating feasibility of TRUMPF laser welding/cutting systems and technologies to industrial customers.
Field Applications Engineer Talent LeverageField Applications EngineerDetroit, MichiganThe candidate must have a strong background in analog electronics, with a key emphasis on AC/DC switch mode power supplies (SMPS) in the mid to low power market ( The Senior Field Applications Engineer will report to Sales Manager.
Field Application Engineer - Temporary - Part time - Saline, MI FieldAIField Application Engineer - Temporary - Part time - Saline, MISaline, Michigan20 - $25 an hour About the Job We are looking for a proactive and tech-savvy Field Application Engineer to support the deployment, testing, and client-facing operations of our cutting-edge robotic systems—including drones, quadrupeds, and humanoid robots . We go beyond typical data-driven approaches or pure transformer-based architectures, and are charting a new course, with already-globally-deployed solutions delivering real-world results and rapidly improving models through real-field applications.
Field Application Engineer - Temporary - Part time - Fenton, MI FieldAIField Application Engineer - Temporary - Part time - Fenton, MIFenton, Michigan$20–$25 / hour20 - $25 an hour About the Job We are looking for a proactive and tech-savvy Field Application Engineer to support the deployment, testing, and client-facing operations of our cutting-edge robotic systems—including drones, quadrupeds, and humanoid robots . We go beyond typical data-driven approaches or pure transformer-based architectures, and are charting a new course, with already-globally-deployed solutions delivering real-world results and rapidly improving models through real-field applications.
Field Application Engineer (Ptv) Vector North America, Inc.Field Application Engineer (Ptv)Novi, MIVector has over 4,000 employees at 30+ locations worldwide, supporting manufacturers and suppliers with a professional platform of software and hardware tools, embedded software components, and services for developing embedded systems. Provide strong technical support for PC-based network tools used by product developers and test engineers at OEM’s and suppliers.
Senior Application Engineer - Advanced Manufacturing GMSenior Application Engineer - Advanced ManufacturingWarren, MichiganYou will work in a highly cross-functional environment, partnering with Product Engineering, R&D, ARC, Tech Experts, manufacturing plants, and suppliers to remove execution barriers, reduce risk, and deliver scalable, repeatable manufacturing solutions. In this role, you will own technical execution from concept through plant launch (MRL 4–7), ensuring solutions are technically sound, operationally ready, and fully integrated into plant processes.
Proposal Application Engineer Comau S.p.A.Proposal Application EngineerSouthfield, MIYou will collaborate with a team of relevant specialists from Sales, Project Management, Engineering, Commissioning & Site Management and Estimating to create technical proposals which are efficient and competitive in today's marketplace. The Proposal Application Engineer will develop manufacturing processes and solutions for new automation systems business.
Technical Support Engineer/Field Applications Engineer Diversified Technical Systems, Inc.Technical Support Engineer/Field Applications EngineerNovi, MI$81,000–$130,000 / yearTechnical degree in electronics, engineering, or a related field (or equivalent hands-on experience), with approximately 2-5 years of experience in a technical role involving data acquisition systems, sensors, electronics, or embedded systems. Provide technical support for DTS hardware and software systems by diagnosing, troubleshooting, and resolving customer issues involving data acquisition systems (DAS), sensors, wiring, and signal integrity.
Application Engineer GlobalchannelmanagementApplication EngineerMadison Heights, MichiganDuties: Primary responsibilities are technical leading on developmental and commercialized products by optimization of material application processes, and direct interaction with customers to troubleshoot and solve product and process related problems. Working in a laboratory environment, writing lab reports Mechanical Engineering or Chemical Engineering background or equivalent work Automotive Adhesives.
Field Application Engineer I LMI TechnologiesField Application Engineer IRoyal Oak, MIBased out of our Royal Oak location, you will champion our cutting-edge sensor products, ensuring seamless integration and exceeding customer expectations .This role demands a dynamic individual with a strong engineering background , exceptional communication skills, and a genuine passion for solving technical challenges . Cultural & Peer Alignment (Hiring Team & Stakeholders): A collaborative session with prospective colleagues and cross-functional partners to explore technical synergy, shared experiences, and the professional landscape at LMI Technologies.
Senior Autonomy Applications Engineer May MobilitySenior Autonomy Applications EngineerAnn Arbor, MI$92,000–$114,000 / yearBased in Ann Arbor, Michigan, May develops and deploys autonomous vehicles (AVs) powered by our innovative Multi-Policy Decision Making (MPDM) technology that literally reimagines the way AVs think. At May Mobility, we're committed to building a diverse, inclusive, and authentic workforce, so if you're excited about this role but your previous experience doesn't align perfectly with every qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway!
Application Engineer Emerson Electric CoApplication EngineerFarmington Hills, MIThrough our deep domain expertise and legacy of flawless execution, Emerson helps customers in critical industries like life sciences, energy, power and renewables, chemical and advanced factory automation operate more sustainably while improving productivity, energy security and reliability. We have built an engaged community of inquisitive, dedicated people who thrive knowing they are welcomed, trusted, celebrated, and empowered to solve the world's most complex problems - for our customers, our communities, and the planet.
AI Test Engineer MindlanceAI Test EngineerAnn Arbor, MIThe ideal candidate has a strong software testing background, experience building automated test fraeworks, and an interest in AI technologies such as LLMs, agents, RAG systems, MCP integrations, and machine learning models. We are seeking a Mid-Level AI Software Test Engineer to design, automate, and execute testing strategies for AI-powered applications, machine learning systems, AI agents, copilots, and generative AI solutions.