Associate QA Tester (Software/Mobile) Alertus Technologies, LLCAssociate QA Tester (Software/Mobile)Baltimore, MD$22–$30.85 / hourExperience in testing of AWS, RestAPIs and Database(SQL/MongoDB)Non-functional testing (Stress/Load and Performance testing) using tools like JMeter, LoadRunner. We may use artificial intelligence (AI) tools to support parts of the hiring process, such as reviewing applications, analyzing resumes, or assessing responses and identifying potential inconsistencies or verification signals in application materials based on available information.
Software Quality Assurance Tester (55392) DataPath IncSoftware Quality Assurance Tester (55392)Aberdeen Proving Ground, MDDataPath is a global leader in remote satellite-based communications solutions that solve our customers' toughest communications challenges in urgent time frames and under extreme conditions. Preferred Requirements: Relevant industry certifications (e.g., Certified Associate in Software Testing (CAST), International Software Testing Qualifications Board (ISTQB) Certification).
Cleared Hybrid QA Tester/Engineer 5416 SMXCleared Hybrid QA Tester/Engineer 5416Hanover, MD$86,000–$123,000 / yearThe SMX salary determination process takes into account a number of factors, including but not limited to, geographic location, Federal Government contract labor categories, relevant prior work experience, specific skills, education and certifications. Our delivery model and unique approaches harness our deep technical and domain knowledge, providing forward-looking insights and practical solutions to power secure mission acceleration.
Cleared Hybrid QA Tester/Engineer (5416) SMXCleared Hybrid QA Tester/Engineer (5416)Hanover, MD$86,000–$123,000 / yearThe SMX salary determination process takes into account a number of factors, including but not limited to, geographic location, Federal Government contract labor categories, relevant prior work experience, specific skills, education and certifications. Our delivery model and unique approaches harness our deep technical and domain knowledge, providing forward-looking insights and practical solutions to power secure mission acceleration.
NewSoftware Quality Assurance Analyst and Tester -Junior Vets HiredSoftware Quality Assurance Analyst and Tester -JuniorPatuxent, MarylandCollaborate with engineers, software developers, analysts, and subject matter experts to verify system performance, analyze results, prepare technical documentation, conduct risk assessments, and support testing activities to ensure simulation systems meet operational and quality requirements. Support Verification, Validation, and Accreditation (VV&A) activities for complex Modeling & Simulation (M&S) software.
Software Application Tester BRMiSoftware Application TesterFrederick, Maryland$85,000–$100,000 / yearThe ideal candidate will have experience testing web-based applications, web service APIs, data integrity within SQL databases, and execution of business workflow processes. The Software Application Tester will support software application testing efforts on a contract supporting the National Cancer Institute at Frederick (NCIF).
Software Application Tester Salesforce (Cleared) Blue Sky Innovative SolutionsSoftware Application Tester Salesforce (Cleared)Fort Meade, MDWhat You'll Need to Join the Team Bachelor's degree + 5 years of experience in a Salesforce enterprise role, with hands-on testing of OmniStudio, Experience Cloud, permissions/sharing, and integrations; Agile and Atlassian suite experience including test plan development and automation. Blue Sky Innovative Solutions (Blue Sky) assists its federal, state and local, and commercial clients with solving their toughest challenges in the areas of IT Infrastructure Support and Engineering; Application Development and Maintenance; Program and Project Management; and Management Consulting.
Associate Hardware QA Tester Alertus Technologies, LLCAssociate Hardware QA TesterBaltimore, MD$22–$30.85 / hourWe may use artificial intelligence (AI) tools to support parts of the hiring process, such as reviewing applications, analyzing resumes, or assessing responses and identifying potential inconsistencies or verification signals in application materials based on available information. As the leader in mass notification, we are committed to providing customizable, scalable, and cost-effective solutions, as we know even a few seconds of warning can help save lives during an emergency.
IRS MBI Cleared Testers MATRIX SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES INCIRS MBI Cleared TestersBowie, MDExperience testing all layers of the application, including web-based user interface, service layer, data migration, integration layer, data layer, and performance testing. Experience with defect tracking/requirements management tool, desired technologies include: IBM Rational Suite, (ClearQuest, Requirements Pro, Functional Test).
IRS MBI Cleared Testers Matrix Systems & TechnologiesIRS MBI Cleared TestersBowie, MarylandOur client base includes; The State of Maryland, Maryland State Department of Education, Prince George’s County Maryland, IRS, Northrop Grumman, Computer Sciences Corporation, SAIC, Lockheed Martin, American University, and the Department of Health and Human Services. We have provided services in full life-cycle engineering analysis, strategic planning, testing and process management for clients across the North-eastern corridor since 1996.
NewSenior Claims Product Tester GEICO GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANYSenior Claims Product TesterBethesda, MD$61,500–$101,475 / yearAs a key member of the testing organization, you will execute both manual and automated testing across Agile and Waterfall environments, maintain automated test suites, and partner closely with Product, Technology, and Business stakeholders to ensure solutions meet business needs and acceptance criteria. In this role, you will be responsible for validating new system functionality, enhancements, and configuration changes to ensure high-quality releases and a seamless experience for internal and external users.
Tester System OneTesterFort Meade, MarylandUtilize Jira for test case tracking, defect management, and workflow updates, and interface with GitHub repositories for build validation . System One, and its subsidiaries including Joulé and Mountain Ltd., are leaders in delivering outsourced services and workforce solutions across North America.
Sr Automation Tester INSPYR SolutionsSr Automation TesterWindsor Mill, MD$56–$66 / hourInformation collected and processed through your application with INSPYR Solutions (including any job applications you choose to submit) is subject to INSPYR Solutions’ Privacy Policy and INSPYR Solutions’ AI and Automated Employment Decision Tool Policy: https://www.inspyrsolutions.com/policies/ . Provide expertise in one or more of the following areas: development of automation tests using core Java, Selenium, Cucumber, and Gherkin, execution of automation test suites and documentation of defects.
NewPrincipal Claims Product Tester GEICO GENERAL INSURANCE COMPANYPrincipal Claims Product TesterBethesda, MD$100,450–$157,850 / yearIn this role, you will be responsible for testing new platform developments and enhancements before they are released into production, ensuring quality, stability, and seamless customer experiences. This is an opportunity to contribute to a high-visibility enterprise transformation initiative while developing expertise in automation technologies, orchestration, and modern software testing methodologies.
Salesforce QA Tester (Sales Cloud & CTI) Judge GroupSalesforce QA Tester (Sales Cloud & CTI)Frederick, MDRemote$90,000–$100,000 / yearBy providing your phone number, you consent to: (1) receive automated text messages and calls from the Judge Group, Inc. and its affiliates (collectively "Judge") to such phone number regarding job opportunities, your job application, and for other related purposes. o Develop and execute test plans, test cases, and test scripts for Salesforce Sales Cloud features and CTI integrations.
Senior ISSE/Penetration Tester TS/SCI Polygraph Leidos Holdings IncSenior ISSE/Penetration Tester TS/SCI PolygraphMD$131,300–$237,350 / yearThe selected candidate will have a range of day-to-day responsibilities across multiple activities, including the following: Validating and verifying system security requirements and establishing system security designs for large-scale systems, major system elements, and interfacing systems that are part of a large complex network environment with geographically distributed components. Must have experience developing and implementing integrated security services management processes, such as assessing and auditing network penetration testing, anti-virus planning assistance, risk analysis, and incident response.
Automation Tester H & R Computer Consulting ServicesAutomation TesterSilver Spring, MarylandH & R provides a broad range of technical services that emphasize high level architectural evaluation, design, and planning, information engineering and re-engineering, systems integration for multiple platforms and data sources, and management consulting services focused on better information for business decision making. The selected candidate will be responsible for designing, developing, and executing automated test scripts to ensure high-quality software delivery across multiple systems.
Penetration Tester with Splunk ManTech International CorpPenetration Tester with SplunkMD$141,500–$236,000 / yearThere are differentiating factors that can impact a final salary/hourly rate, including, but not limited to, Contract Wage Determination, relevant work experience, skills and competencies that align to the specified role, geographic location (For Remote Opportunities), education and certifications as well as Federal Government Contract Labor categories. Minimum Qualifications: Bachelor of Science degree in Computer Science, Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Physics or similar technical field and 10 years of penetration testing experience.
Penetration Tester Booz Allen Hamilton IncPenetration TesterMD$86,900–$198,000 / yearOffensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP), HTB Certified Penetration Tester Specialist (CPTS), eLearnSecurity Junior Penetration Tester (EJPT), GIAC Global Information Assurance Penetration Tester (GPEN), or GIAC Cloud Penetration Tester Certification. Onsite: If this position is listed as onsite, work will primarily be performed at a Booz Allen office or customer facility, where employees will collaborate directly with colleagues and customers as required by the role.
Performance Tester MATRIX SYSTEMS & TECHNOLOGIES INCPerformance TesterBowie, MDPreferred Qualifications: Experience with the following skills will be considered a significant plus in considering prospective candidates: · IBM Mainframe Unisys Mainframe DB2 · Informatica Business Objects · Knowledge of current IRS tax administration software applications is a significant plus. · Review output to determine whether or not the test results fulfill the established requirements, and if necessary, notify the responsible programmers, both verbally and in writing, of errors, omissions, and inconsistencies in the programs and/or documentation.
Salesforce QA Tester ClifyX, INCSalesforce QA TesterFrederick, MDTesting & Quality Assurance Develop and execute test plans, test cases, and test scripts for Salesforce Sales Cloud features and CTI integrations. Defect Management Identify, document, and track defects using tools like Jira or similar.
Performance Tester Matrix Systems & TechnologiesPerformance TesterBowie, MarylandOur client base includes; The State of Maryland, Maryland State Department of Education, Prince George’s County Maryland, IRS, Northrop Grumman, Computer Sciences Corporation, SAIC, Lockheed Martin, American University, and the Department of Health and Human Services. Preferred Qualifications: Experience with the following skills will be considered a significant plus in considering prospective candidates: · IBM Mainframe Unisys Mainframe DB2 · Informatica Business Objects · Knowledge of current IRS tax administration software applications is a significant plus.
Certified 508 Trusted Tester Team CarneyCertified 508 Trusted TesterLinthicum, MDFull timePerform various methods of manual testing on eLearning courses and training-related deliverables and reports. *Actual salary is determined by a combination of education, certifications, knowledge, skills, location, and clearance level, as well as contract-specific affordability.
Senior Automation Tester StratAcuity Staffing Partners IncSenior Automation TesterWoodlawn, MD$32–$42 / hourIn terms of professional development, Everforth Apex hosts an on-demand training program, provides access to certification prep and a library of technical and leadership courses/books/seminars once you have 6+ months of tenure, and certification discounts and other perks to associations that include CompTIA and IIBA. The senior automation tester will evaluate and document test outcomes, identify and report defects, and provide daily insights to the variance dashboard, ensuring automation frameworks meet program requirements.
NewBusiness Analyst/Tester - Baltimore, MD Georgia Tek SystemsBusiness Analyst/Tester - Baltimore, MDBaltimore, MDEducation Qualification: A Bachelor's Degree from an accredited college or university with a major in Computer Science, Information Systems, Engineering, Business, or other related scientific or technical discipline is required. Preferred Qualifications: Master's Degree from an accredited college or university with a major in Computer Science, Information Systems, Engineering, Business, or other related scientific or technical discipline.
NewPerformance Tester Integrated Resources, IncPerformance TesterRockville, MarylandFull timeRequired Skills:• Requires 5+ years of testing experience with a Bachelors in Computer Science degree or equivalent work experience• Requires 3+ years of performance testing experience• Requires experience with testing web-based applications, client-server applications, and highly configurable COTs products• Requires experience with HP Test Tools: Performance Center, Quality Center and QTP• Requires experience in developing risk based test strategies• Requires experience in the development of high quality test documentation such as Test Plans, Test cases and procedures, RTMs, and Test Analysis Reports• Experience testing in a formal and/or regulated environment using structured methodologies. Ideal Candidate Will Have:• Proficiency in automated testing tools• Experience with a variety of types of testing such as; functional, interface, integration, regression, compatibility, etc.• Experience with messaging services such as BizTalk• Ability to quickly learn new application systems and technologies• Knowledge of basic project management framework and methodology• Ability to accurately analyze complex application requirements to assess if they are clear, unambiguous and testable• Ability to estimate test efforts
Senior Automation Tester Expert In Recruitment SolutionsSenior Automation TesterWoodlawn, MD$65–$75 / hourMaster's and 5+ years of experience, Bachelor's and 7+ years of experience or 13+ years in lieu of a degree** In-depth knowledge of Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and Test-Driven Development (TDD) approaches to automation testing. Provide expertise in one or more of the following areas: development of automation tests using core Java, Selenium, Cucumber, and Gherkin, execution of automation test suites and documentation of defects.
NewAutomated Tester Engineer - TS/SCI VMD CorpAutomated Tester Engineer - TS/SCIBethesda, MDXcelerate Solutions has an exciting opening for you as our next TS/SCI Automated Test Engineer to play a critical role with the design, engineering, development and deployment of software supporting DIA-National Media Exploitation Center (NMEC) under our 10-year DOMEX Technology Platform (DTP) contract. This strong commitment to our employees has been recognized by our inclusion on the Washington Business Journal’s “50 Best Places to Work” list as well as being a “Great Place to Work” certified company with a 4.6 star, and a 99% CEO approval Glassdoor rating.
Mid/Sr. Manual Tester TS/SCI Poly Leidos Holdings IncMid/Sr. Manual Tester TS/SCI PolyAnnapolis Junction, MD$131,300–$237,350 / yearThe selected candidate will perform component, integration, and system level testing by writing and executing system-level test procedures, evaluating changes made to software applications, and verifying defect corrective actions discovered during development, testing, and/or operational use. Our talented team is at the forefront in Security Engineering, Computer Network Operations (CNO), Mission Software, Analytical Methods and Modeling, Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), and Cryptographic Key Management.
AWS Connect Developer and Tester GovServicesHubAWS Connect Developer and TesterBaltimore, MarylandDesign, develop and implement AWS Connect processes to include new or modifications to applications, forms, workflow, policies, actions, access control, interfaces, and any other configurations required to support client processes . Excellent understanding of change management, testing requirements, techniques, and tools to ensure high availability of systems .
Senior Web Application Penetration Tester SixGenSenior Web Application Penetration TesterAnnapolis, MarylandRemoteSuccessful candidates will conduct in-depth assessments of web applications, APIs, mobile applications, and supporting infrastructure while leveraging custom tooling, manual testing techniques, and advanced exploitation methodologies to uncover impactful security findings. The ideal candidate will possess deep expertise in web application security testing, vulnerability research, and exploitation techniques, with the ability to identify complex attack paths and develop creative solutions to challenging security problems.
NewQA TESTER Integrated Resources, IncQA TESTERRockville, MarylandContractorExperience with messaging services such as BizTalk • Ability to quickly learn new application systems and technologies• Knowledge of basic project management framework and methodology • Ability to accurately analyze complex application requirements to assess if they are clear, unambiguous and testable • Ability to estimate test efforts• Requires Strong Systems Life Cycle methodology experienceThanks,Srilatha (Sri) Vinjamuri Technical RecruiterINTEGRATED RESOURCES, INC. Requires 5+ years of testing experience with a Bachelors in Computer Science degree or equivalent work experience• Requires experience with testing web-based applications, client-server applications, and highly configurable COTs products• Requires experience with HP Test Tools: Quality Center and QTP• Requires experience developing regression test suites and automated test scripts using Quick Test Pro (QTP).
Mid/Sr. Manual Tester TS/SCI Poly LeidosMid/Sr. Manual Tester TS/SCI PolyAnnapolis Junction, MarylandThe selected candidate will perform component, integration, and system level testing by writing and executing system-level test procedures, evaluating changes made to software applications, and verifying defect corrective actions discovered during development, testing, and/or operational use. Our talented team is at the forefront in Security Engineering, Computer Network Operations (CNO), Mission Software, Analytical Methods and Modeling, Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), and Cryptographic Key Management.
Web Tester, IT Specialist II - Baltimore City Department of Information Technology City of BaltimoreWeb Tester, IT Specialist II - Baltimore City Department of Information TechnologyBaltimore, MD$76,299–$122,078 / yearAn Information Technology Specialist provides technical support to customers for personal computers, network system infrastructure equipment, including testing, updating, maintaining, and providing training on mainframe client servers and microcomputer software and hardware; reporting writing; responds to helpdesk requests. Experience: Have one year of related specialty IT experience (for example, but not limited to: system engineering, network engineering, information security, application programming, systems design, hierarchical/relational database management, GIS experience, custom report writing, or developing and supporting cloud-based software integrations).
Senior Automation Tester Omm IT SolutionsSenior Automation TesterWoodlawn, MarylandProvide expertise in one or more of the following areas: development of automation tests using core Java, Selenium, Cucumber, and Gherkin, execution of automation test suites and documentation of defects. An in-depth knowledge of Social Security Administration (SSA) modern development environment including Git/Stash version control, VersionOne (Agility), Confluence, SonarQube, and Checkmarx.
Automation Tester PROLIM Global CorporationAutomation TesterOwings Mills, MDExperience building automated tests and test scripts and deploying to public or private clouds, such as Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, or similar providers preferred. Proficiency with modern test automation tools and frameworks such as Playwright, Cypress, Selenium, Cucumber, Git, and performance testing tool like JMeter.
Software Test Engineer (QA Analyst) AeroVironment IncSoftware Test Engineer (QA Analyst)MD$83,500–$208,750 / yearDetermination of official compensation or salary relies on several factors including, but not limited to, level of position, job responsibilities, geographic location, scope of relevant work experience, educational background, certifications, contract-specific affordability, organizational requirements, alignment with local internal equity as well as alignment with market data. Be a part of the team that developed the world's most widely used military drones and created the first submarine-launched reconnaissance drone, and has seven innovative vehicles that are part of the Smithsonian Institution's permanent collection in Washington, DC.
Software Quality Assurance Analyst - Essex Management (Contingent Role) Emmes GroupSoftware Quality Assurance Analyst - Essex Management (Contingent Role)RockvilleRemoteFull timeThe SQA Analyst supports the development and quality control of Computer Systems Validation (CSV) plans, applies risk‑based approaches throughout the system life cycle, and conducts risk assessments to ensure data integrity, system reliability, and adherence to regulatory expectations. The SQA Analyst works closely with Quality Assurance Managers, Project Managers, technical teams, and end‑user representatives to verify that deliverables are accurate, compliant, and aligned with user needs.
Software Test Engineer Capital Technology GroupSoftware Test EngineerSilver Spring, MD$80,000–$125,000 / yearCapital Technology Group provides expert consulting services software development, digital transformation, human-centered design, data analytics and visualization, and cybersecurity. The quality of our work has been recognized by our partners and peers through our inclusion in the Digital Services Coalition, a group of forward- thinking firms recognized for excellence in delivering IT services.
Senior Software Configuration Manager Leidos Holdings IncSenior Software Configuration ManagerMD$131,300–$237,350 / yearMust have excellent interpersonal skills, with the ability to build effective working relationships and interface professionally with peers and leadership, including developers, engineers, testers, customer points of contact, and company management. Our talented team is at the forefront in Security Engineering, Computer Network Operations (CNO), Mission Software, Analytical Methods and Modeling, Signals Intelligence (SIGINT), and Cryptographic Key Management.
Software Test Engineer EverwatchSoftware Test EngineerAnnapolis Junction, Maryland$110.58–$122.60 / hourAs a test engineer on our team, you’ll use your experience to work with software engineers, DevOps engineers, and cross-functional agile team members to evaluate software developed for data ingest, processing, and analytics platforms supporting mission systems. Using automated and manual testing processes, you’ll generate data and implement the test cases to observe how the software performs, then document the results and communicate defects to the development team so they can start improving the tool.
Software Integrator Engineer VTGSoftware Integrator EngineerHanover, MarylandFull timeOverview: As a Software Integrator Engineer supporting mission-essential national security initiatives, you will design, develop, integrate, and maintain secure, high-performance software solutions that enable critical intelligence, defense, and operational missions. Eligible candidates may receive a sign-on bonus of up to $10,000, making this an exceptional opportunity to join a mission-critical team supporting national security initiatives.
Software Engineer TS/SCI Polygraph Leidos Holdings IncSoftware Engineer TS/SCI PolygraphAnnapolis Junction, MD$57,850–$104,575 / yearYou will provide software process management and control throughout the coding portion of the software development process and will promote code reuse and cross-program collaboration while reducing maintenance costs by creating common functions and shared actions for developers and testers. Must have experience or familiarity with multiple Java frameworks: Spring to include Boot and Data, Java Enterprise Edition (JEE) (i.e., JPA, EJB, JTA, Servlet), Jackson, Jersey, Swing, JavaFX.
Software Engineer TS/SCI Poly Leidos Holdings IncSoftware Engineer TS/SCI PolyMDYou will provide software process management and control throughout the coding portion of the software development process and will promote code reuse and cross-program collaboration while reducing maintenance costs by creating common functions and shared actions for developers and testers. Preferred Qualifications Experience with the following: Java Enterprise Edition (JEE) (i.e., EJB, JPA, JTA, JAX-B, JAX-RS, JAX-WS), SQL, application servers (Tomcat, WebLogic, JBoss), Spring framework, scripting.
Sr. Software Developer Leidos Holdings IncSr. Software DeveloperMD$154,050–$278,475 / yearYou will be responsible for analyzing and resolving highly complex software issues related to multiple aspects and components of the system; collaborate with other experts within the program and in the user community to design, develop, and debug existing software, and to design and develop enhancements that incorporate new capabilities into various components of the existing systems; provide technical leadership for software development activities as a member of an agile team and will actively participate in program increment planning and related team activities. Preferred Qualifications: Experience with the following: JEE, SQL, application servers (Tomcat, WebLogic, JBoss), scripting; experience with high level requirements management including requirements decomposition, secure systems engineering and development, trade-off analysis, interface control, and testing and continuous integration.
Mid-Level Software Engineer Belay TechnologiesMid-Level Software EngineerLaurel, MDFull timeAs soon as an employee enters a customer facility, they touch one of these applications which are critical to the daily functions of thousands of users across acquisition, business, finance, HR, training, recruitment, program management, security, logistics and more. Responsibilities: Serve as the primary React Software Developer responsible for maintaining and enhancing a production collaboration and business process application that supports information exchange between DoD and Industry Partners.
MD-Software Engineer(Java) - TS/SCI w/ Polygraph SunayuMD-Software Engineer(Java) - TS/SCI w/ PolygraphAnnapolis Junction, MDMust have experience or familiarity with multiple Java frameworks: Spring to include Boot and Data, Java Enterprise Edition (JEE) (i.e., JPA, EJB, JTA, Servlet), Jackson, Jersey, Swing, JavaFX.Must have experience or familiarity with multiple languages such as Javascript, Python, C/C++, Groovy, Structured Query Language (SQL).Must have experience with development IDEs (Integrated Development Environments) such as Eclipse, Visual Studio Code, Visual Studio, Rhapsody, WebStorm. Experience in software development on Agile teams using Agile Developer practices such as Pair Programming, Test Driven Development (TDD), Refactoring, and Acceptance Test Driven Development (ATDD).Experience with Behavior Driven Development (BDD).Secure Software development (i.e., Layer 7 Policy).Experience with the Scrum, Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe) methodology, SAFe Agilest Certification, or experience as a member of an Agile team.
React Software Developer 659 Freedom Technology Solutions GroupReact Software Developer 659Laurel, MarylandAs soon as an employee enters a customer facility, they touch one of these applications which are critical to the daily functions of thousands of users across acquisition, business, finance, HR, training, recruitment, program management, security, logistics and more. Work closely with system engineers, developers, testers, and product stakeholders to evaluate change requests, support releases, and ensure successful deployment of enhancements.
Principal Software Engineer Leidos Holdings IncPrincipal Software EngineerMD$154,050–$278,475 / yearParticipate in code reviews, troubleshooting, testing activities, continuous process improvement, technical documentation, and utilization of GitLab CI/CD, Jira, and Confluence to support development and delivery activities. The ideal candidate is experienced in modern software development practices and has hands-on expertise with Java, RESTful APIs, cloud-native architectures, document parsing, and application modernization efforts.
Software Integrator Engineer VTG.Software Integrator EngineerHanover, MD$120,000–$190,000 / yearAs an Associate Software Integrator supporting mission-essential national security initiatives, you will design, develop, integrate, and maintain secure, high-performance software solutions that enable critical intelligence, defense, and operational missions. When extending an offer, VTG also considers work experience, education, skill level, market considerations and may possibly include contractual requirements which may cause an offer to fall outside of this range.