NewSenior Electrical Engineer (Construction) JobotSenior Electrical Engineer (Construction)Sterling Heights, MI$120,000–$160,000 / yearAt the core of this company is its electrical contracting capabilities, specializing in the industrial, automotive, data centers, general contracting, commercial, telecommunications, health care, public works, institutional and other specialized markets. Information collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal.
NewElectrical Engineer - Datacenters JobotElectrical Engineer - DatacentersFenton, MI$110,000–$130,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. The Data Center Electrical Engineer is responsible for the engineering, coordination, and technical execution of electrical power and distribution systems supporting mission-critical data center environments.
NewElectrical Systems Integration Engineer (Automotive) HTC Global Services IncElectrical Systems Integration Engineer (Automotive)Allen Park, MIFull timeThe ideal candidate will have strong experience with vehicle electrical architecture, module integration, wiring systems, diagnostics, and vehicle launch activities. We are seeking an experienced Electrical Systems Integration Engineer to support the design, integration, validation, and launch of automotive electrical systems.
Outside Sales Rep - Power & HVAC United RentalsOutside Sales Rep - Power & HVACWixom, MIincreases revenue for the branch through quality customer service and a strong understanding of specialty engineered rental products to include silenced diesel generators, air-cooled chillers, air-conditioning, electric heat, desiccant dehumidification, load banks and electrical distribution. Ability to properly size, quote, install and maintain small less complex, and moderately complex projects; that may range from industrial process cooling, construction and water damage drying, multi-level power distribution at various voltages and large scale climate control projects.
NewMobile HVAC/R Engineer *US AMR-Jones Lang LaSalle Americas, Inc.Mobile HVAC/R EngineerCanton, MIIndividuals are expected to demonstrate technical expertise in HVAC and refrigeration and be multi skilled in electrical, HVAC, Piping/Plumbing, Material Handling Equipment and others in order to successfully complete daily/weekly work assignments. Maintain, operate, and repair all HVAC/R systems and associated equipment, electrical distribution equipment, plumbing systems, building interior/exterior repair, and related grounds, and production equipment as it pertains to assigned buildings. .
NewLead Transmission Line Engineer LeidosLead Transmission Line EngineerWalled Lake, MI$92,300–$166,850Leidos seeks the best and the brightest, and in return, we invest in you, with an eye on your future, through career advancement, growth opportunities, and continuous improvement via mentoring, formal and informal project management training and assistance with obtaining pertinent certifications. The successful candidate will serve as a Lead Engineer and Technical Project Manager on high voltage electric transmission line design projects of overhead and underground systems for some of the largest utilities in the country as well as regional utilities.
NewSenior Transmission Line Engineer LeidosSenior Transmission Line EngineerSterling Heights, MIRemote$73,450–$132,775If you received an email purporting to be from Leidos that asks for payment-related information or any other personal information (e.g., about you or your previous employer), and you are concerned about its legitimacy, please make us aware immediately by emailing us at LeidosCareersFraud@leidos.com. Leidos seeks the best and the brightest, and in return, we invest in you, with an eye on your future, through career advancement, growth opportunities, and continuous improvement via mentoring, formal and informal project management training and assistance with obtaining pertinent certifications.
NewSenior Engineer - Finished Vehicle Logistics Ryder SystemSenior Engineer - Finished Vehicle LogisticsWarren, MI$75,000–$85,000Compensation Information : The compensation offered to a candidate may be influenced by a variety of factors, including the candidate’s relevant experience; education, including relevant degrees or certifications; work location; market data/ranges; internal equity; internal salary ranges; etc. Security Notice for Applicants: Ryder will only communicate with an applicant directly from a [@ryder.com] email address and will never conduct an interview online through a chat type forum, messaging app (such as WhatsApp or Telegram), or via an online questionnaire.
NewConsultant Engineer - Finished Vehicle Logistics Ryder SystemConsultant Engineer - Finished Vehicle LogisticsWarren, MI$85,000–$95,000Compensation Information : The compensation offered to a candidate may be influenced by a variety of factors, including the candidate’s relevant experience; education, including relevant degrees or certifications; work location; market data/ranges; internal equity; internal salary ranges; etc. Security Notice for Applicants: Ryder will only communicate with an applicant directly from a [@ryder.com] email address and will never conduct an interview online through a chat type forum, messaging app (such as WhatsApp or Telegram), or via an online questionnaire.
Substation Senior Civil/Structural Engineer LeidosSubstation Senior Civil/Structural EngineerAnn Arbor, MIRemote$92,300–$166,850If you received an email purporting to be from Leidos that asks for payment-related information or any other personal information (e.g., about you or your previous employer), and you are concerned about its legitimacy, please make us aware immediately by emailing us at LeidosCareersFraud@leidos.com. Additional factors considered in extending an offer include (but are not limited to) responsibilities of the job, education, experience, knowledge, skills, and abilities, as well as internal equity, alignment with market data, applicable bargaining agreement (if any), or other law.
Manufacturing IT Support Engineer HTC Global Services IncManufacturing IT Support EngineerSterling Heights, MIFull timeSupport deployment and expansion of manufacturing technologies, including IIoT, mobile devices, software-defined networking, and Android- and iOS-based equipment. The position involves technical troubleshooting, data analysis, problem resolution, and support for manufacturing technologies, while contributing to process improvement initiatives and technology modernization efforts.
NewSenior Electrical Designer JobotSenior Electrical DesignerSterling Heights, MI$100,000–$160,000 / yearAt the core of this company is its electrical contracting capabilities, specializing in the industrial, automotive, data centers, general contracting, commercial, telecommunications, health care, public works, institutional and other specialized markets. Information collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal.
Power Engineer – Grid-Scale Energy Integration EccalonPower Engineer – Grid-Scale Energy IntegrationDetroit, MichiganThis individual will be responsible for designing and optimizing infrastructure that enables solar and other distributed energy sources to charge battery systems, which in turn supply resilient and efficient power to data centers and the broader electric grid. The ideal candidate will be a forward-thinking electrical engineer with a strong understanding of renewable energy systems, battery storage technologies, and data center power architecture.
Electrical Engineer - Power Systems Ghafari AssociatesElectrical Engineer - Power SystemsDearborn, MichiganUnder the direct supervision of the Director of Electrical Engineering or senior staff, the Electrical Engineer – Power Systems will specialize in performing and documenting power system studies, including short circuit analysis, protective device coordination, and arc flash hazard studies. Since 1982, Ghafari Associates has taken a personal approach to highly technical projects in complex markets including: aviation, manufacturing, healthcare, retail, hospitality, K-12 and higher education.
Electrical Engineer - Senior Level - Power Systems Focus (Hybrid/Remote) Barr Engineering CoElectrical Engineer - Senior Level - Power Systems Focus (Hybrid/Remote)Ann Arbor, MIRemote$125,000–$150,000 / yearIn this hybrid or fully remote role, you will support the power delivery team by performing power system studies, working with multidisciplinary project teams, supporting power system design teams, and providing electrical engineering and related technical expertise. This position can be based out of Barrs Minneapolis, Duluth, or Hibbing, Minnesota; Ann Arbor or Grand Rapids, Michigan; Denver, Wheat Ridge or Fort Collins, Colorado; Bismarck, North Dakota; or Salt Lake City, Utah, offices.
Electrical Engineer - Nuclear Power Black & Veatch Holding CoElectrical Engineer - Nuclear PowerAnn Arbor, MI$103,987–$219,360 / yearComplex engineering calculations such as: load flow, short circuit, motor starting (ETAP or SKM), Arc flash analysis (ETAP or SKM), protective relay settings, battery and charger sizing. Extensively use Microsoft Office business systems such as ProjectWise, electrical engineering software, such as ETAP and Computer Aided Drafting Tools, such as AutoCAD to view and manipulate engineering drawing files.
Senior Electrical Engineer - Nuclear Power Black & Veatch Holding CoSenior Electrical Engineer - Nuclear PowerAnn Arbor, MI$128,554–$271,176 / yearTypical roles include being recognized as an industry expert, participating in professional societies by presenting papers, acting as a section lead for a large or complex specialty area, an engineering consultant for larger scale projects. Extensively use Microsoft Office business systems such as ProjectWise, electrical engineering software, such as ETAP and Computer Aided Drafting Tools, such as AutoCAD to view and manipulate engineering drawing files.
Senior Electrical Engineer - Power Generation Black & Veatch Holding CoSenior Electrical Engineer - Power GenerationAnn Arbor, MIDevelop electrical drawing deliverables including: One line and three line diagrams, Electrical motor schematics, breaker control schematics and wiring diagrams, Power cable sizing and cable schedules, Complex engineering calculations such as: load flow, short circuit, motor starting (ETAP or SKM), Arc flash analysis (ETAP or SKM), protective relay settings, battery and charger sizing. Black & Veatch's Power Providers focuses on the holistic demands for energy generation markets that include utilities, independent power producers and new non-traditional entrants adding to the much-needed supply of secure, clean power to our industries and communities.
Electrical Engineer - Mid Level - Substation Power Systems Focus (Hybrid/Remote) Barr Engineering CoElectrical Engineer - Mid Level - Substation Power Systems Focus (Hybrid/Remote)Ann Arbor, MIRemote$95,000–$125,000 / yearThis position can be based out of Barrs Denver, Fort Collins, or Wheat Ridge, Colorado; Minneapolis, Duluth, or Hibbing, Minnesota; Grand Rapids or Ann Arbor, Michigan; Bismarck, North Dakota; or Salt Lake City, Utah, offices. In this role, you will support the power delivery team by performing power system studies and working with multidisciplinary project teams providing electrical engineering and related technical expertise.
Electrical Power System Engineer DiClemente Siegel DesignElectrical Power System EngineerSouthfield, MichiganThis is an opportunity to take the lead on electrical design for power systems at firm known for our electrical power expertise in all markets, involved in site/campus power systems, infrastructure, stand-by and emergency generation and substation design. What You’ll Do: Conduct and provide oversight for Arc Flash studies of varying size and complexity, including short circuit and protective device coordination analyses using ETAP or EDSA/Paladin Design Base at our in-office setting.
Electrical Engineer - Power System Protection Black & Veatch Holding CoElectrical Engineer - Power System ProtectionAnn Arbor, MIThe ideal candidate has significant working experience and knowledge of Protection & Control (P&C) design concepts, relay setting calculations / setting file development, relay manufacturer software platforms, and power system analysis & modeling software. Recognized by Glassdoor as a 2023 Top 100 place to work, Black & Veatch allows you to lend your talent and perspective to humanitys biggest challenges in a flexible environment where you are empowered to grow and explore new possibilities.
Substation Power Equipment Engineer ITC Great Plains LLCSubstation Power Equipment EngineerNovi, MIProvides technical support and engineering solutions in the development of planned maintenance activities, and then tracks progress of the goals while recommending prioritization of corrective action activities. Provide in person assistance in a substation with field technicians to help troubleshoot and commission power equipment and help with other technical issues.
NewSoftware Principal Engineer - Power Electronics FlexSoftware Principal Engineer - Power ElectronicsFarmington Hills, MichiganFlex is the diversified manufacturing partner of choice that helps market-leading brands design, build and deliver innovative products that improve the world. To support our Global Software team, we are currently looking for a Software Principal Engineer- Power Electronics located in Farmington Hills, Michigan, reporting onto the VP, Power Electronics.
Associate Electrical Engineer - Power System Protection Black & Veatch Holding CoAssociate Electrical Engineer - Power System ProtectionAnn Arbor, MIThe ideal candidate has a good understanding of Protection & Control (P&C) design concepts, familiarity with relay settings calculations / setting file development, relay manufacturer software platforms, adn familiarity with power system analysis & modeling software. We put them at the center of everything we do and empower them to grow, explore new possibilities and use their diverse talents and perspectives to solve humanitys biggest challenges in an ever-evolving world.
Power Engineer GMPower EngineerWarren, MichiganIn-vehicle electronics is a fast-growing technology in the global automotive industry featuring many cutting-edge technologies such as Compute, body and zone controllers, multi-view cameras, Gig+Ethernet, PCIe, digital/analog interfaces and more. Build, test, and validate power delivery systems on prototypes, using lab equipment like oscilloscopes, power analyzers, and thermal cameras to ensure they meet design specifications.
Power Engineer General Motors CoPower EngineerWarren, MIThe Role: In-vehicle electronics is a fast-growing technology in the global automotive industry featuring many cutting-edge technologies such as Compute, body and zone controllers, multi-view cameras, Gig+Ethernet, PCIe, digital/analog interfaces and more. Build, test, and validate power delivery systems on prototypes, using lab equipment like oscilloscopes, power analyzers, and thermal cameras to ensure they meet design specifications.
Instrumentation and Control Power Engineer HDR IncInstrumentation and Control Power EngineerAnn Arbor, MIMasters degree in Engineering A minimum of 3 years experience in project execution within the Power Market Sector Previous experience with an engineering consulting firm. As employee owners, we all have a role in creating an inclusive environment where each of us is welcomed, valued, respected, and empowered to bring our authentic selves to work every day.
Field Service Engineer 1-Electric Power Caterpillar IncField Service Engineer 1-Electric PowerMI$89,210–$133,810 / yearEffective Communications: Working knowledge and understanding of effective communication concepts, tools and techniques; ability to effectively transmit, receive, and accurately interpret ideas, information, and needs through the application of appropriate communication behaviors. EPD supports a wide range of customer applications across the globe, including providing back-up power to hospitals, providing emergency power when natural disasters strike, and supporting critical infrastructure for data centers, municipalities, and more.
Senior Calibration Engineer - Roush Power Systems Roush Enterprises IncSenior Calibration Engineer - Roush Power SystemsLivonia, MIRoush Power Systems manufactures and sells world-class power systems for the on-road and off-road market sectors focused on class 4-8 commercial vehicles, mobile off-road, and stationary off-road equipment. Widely recognized for providing engineering, testing, prototype, and manufacturing services to the transportation industry, Roush also provides significant support to the aerospace, defense and theme park industries.
Power Net Architecture Modeling Engineer Ford Motor CoPower Net Architecture Modeling EngineerDearborn, MI$6–$8 / hourWhat youll do: Develop Power Net simulation environment: Develop a simulation environment for power supply architectures on 12V and 48V including power supply components and required vehicle interfaces in an automotive development process. Power Net verification by CAE: Verify power net architectures with respect to sizing, electrical functionality, and power supply safety concepts in this CAE environment.
Low Voltage Power Supply Architecture Engineer Ford Motor CoLow Voltage Power Supply Architecture EngineerDearborn, MI$6–$8 / hourA Bachelor of Science degree in one of the following fields: Electrical Engineering, Electronics Engineering, Mechatronics Engineering, Automotive Engineering, Systems Engineering, or closely related engineering discipline. Collaborate on Vehicle Integration: Support the holistic integration of the low voltage power net architecture into the complete vehicle, working closely with various engineering domains to achieve optimal system performance and packaging.
Facilities Power Maintenance Engineer Manpower EngineeringFacilities Power Maintenance EngineerDetroit, MI$40–$42 / hourTemporaryManpowerGroup® (NYSE: MAN), the leading global workforce solutions company, helps organizations transform in a fast-changing world of work by sourcing, assessing, developing, and managing the talent that enables them to win. We are recognized consistently for our diversity - as a best place to work for Women, Inclusion, Equality and Disability and in 2023 ManpowerGroup was named one of the World's Most Ethical Companies for the 14th year - all confirming our position as the brand of choice for in-demand talent.
Advanced Electric Drive and Power Electronics Senior Engineer GMAdvanced Electric Drive and Power Electronics Senior EngineerWarren, MichiganAdvance Electric Drive and Power Electronics Engineer is responsible for definition and documentation of requirements, execution of design, analysis, development, and testing of electric drives (inverters & motors) ensuring successful vehicle application of the electric drive, considering hardware, controls, calibration, software, and overall integration. Support multi-functional team led by advanced propulsion system architect in the development of Electrified Propulsion System Architectures through the Advanced Technology Work (ATW), Balanced Architecture (BA), and early GPDP development phase in accordance with the Electrification Process of Engineering.
Power Electronics HW Design Engineer Ford Motor CoPower Electronics HW Design EngineerDearborn, MI$7–$8 / hourThe Electrified Propulsion Engineering Power Electronics Hardware Design Engineer will be responsible for the hardware design, implementation, and validation of non-motive power conversion modules (AC onboard chargers, DC/DC converters, DC/AC inverters). This position entails working collaboratively with Ford internal and external teams including Software, D&R, Validation, and power electronics suppliers to design / develop components that meets corporate requirements, specifications, and customer needs.
Advanced Electric Drive and Power Electronics Senior Engineer General Motors CoAdvanced Electric Drive and Power Electronics Senior EngineerWarren, MIAdvance Electric Drive and Power Electronics Engineer is responsible for definition and documentation of requirements, execution of design, analysis, development, and testing of electric drives (inverters & motors) ensuring successful vehicle application of the electric drive, considering hardware, controls, calibration, software, and overall integration. Support multi-functional team led by advanced propulsion system architect in the development of Electrified Propulsion System Architectures through the Advanced Technology Work (ATW), Balanced Architecture (BA), and early GPDP development phase in accordance with the Electrification Process of Engineering.
Lead Power Systems Engineer Williams InternationalLead Power Systems EngineerPontiac, MIWilliams International is a Drug Free Workplace where all new team members and contractors are subject to pre-employment drug testing for the following controlled substances: marijuana, cocaine, PCP, amphetamines, opioids and alcohol as policy dictates. The lead power systems engineer will work closely with design and infrastructure teams using expert insight to define system requirements and develop innovative solutions for integrated microgrid systems.
Electrical Project Engineer - Substation Design and Power Electronics (STATCOM/FACTS/HVDC) Black & Veatch Holding CoElectrical Project Engineer - Substation Design and Power Electronics (STATCOM/FACTS/HVDC)Ann Arbor, MIOur Technology, Commercial & Industrial Team has specialized capabilities focused on the latest needs for clients in a fast-growth technology-led arena of advanced manufacturing, and generative AI computing including gigafactories, bio/ag tech, data centers and distributed infrastructure. Our specialized team provides complete engineering, procurement, and construction new asset and operating asset services in the following areas: Substations.
Calibration Engineer II- Roush Power Systems Roush Enterprises IncCalibration Engineer II- Roush Power SystemsLivonia, MIWidely recognized for providing engineering, testing, prototype, and manufacturing services to the transportation industry, Roush also provides significant support to the aerospace, defense and theme park industries. Roush Power Systems manufactures and sells world-class power systems for the on-road and off-road market sectors focused on class 4-8 commercial vehicles, mobile off-road, and stationary off-road equipment.
Calibration Engineer I- Roush Power Systems Roush Enterprises IncCalibration Engineer I- Roush Power SystemsLivonia, MIRoush Power Systems manufactures and sells world-class power systems for the on-road and off-road market sectors focused on class 4-8 commercial vehicles, mobile off-road, and stationary off-road equipment. Widely recognized for providing engineering, testing, prototype, and manufacturing services to the transportation industry, Roush also provides significant support to the aerospace, defense and theme park industries.
Power System Design Senior engineer Contract Professionals, Inc.Power System Design Senior engineerSterling Heights, MI$72–$84 / hourAbout the Position: The Power System Design Senior Engineer is responsible for leading the design, development, integration, and validation of advanced vehicle power subsystems for current and next-generation military platforms. This is an opportunity to shape the future of hybrid-electric military vehicle technology by working on advanced power systems that directly impact next-generation platform performance.
Power system Design engineer General Dynamics CorpPower system Design engineerSterling Heights, MIExperience with electrical power systems (Power generation, power distribution, power management and energy storage) of military or automotive vehicles, including specifications, development, design, testing, integration and troubleshooting of vehicle electrical power system and their associated hardware components is required. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, General Dynamics is a global aerospace and defense company offering a broad portfolio of products and services in business aviation; ship construction and repair; land combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions; and technology products and services.
NewSoftware Principal Engineer - Power Electronics Flex LtdSoftware Principal Engineer - Power ElectronicsFarmington Hills, MIThe experience we're looking to add to our team: Bachelor's degree in electrical engineering, computer science with an electronics focus, or a related field; equivalent experience and training will also be considered. Flex is the diversified manufacturing partner of choice that helps market-leading brands design, build and deliver innovative products that improve the world.
Lead Power Generation Design Engineer Williams InternationalLead Power Generation Design EngineerPontiac, MIWilliams International is a Drug Free Workplace where all new team members and contractors are subject to pre-employment drug testing for the following controlled substances: marijuana, cocaine, PCP, amphetamines, opioids and alcohol as policy dictates. As a member of an integrated development team, the lead power generation design engineer will guide the design and manufacturing of new products through the lifecycle of the system from concept ideation to fielded operation in support of project goals.
Senior Calibration Engineer - Roush Power Systems ROUSHSenior Calibration Engineer - Roush Power SystemsLivonia, MIFull timeRoush Power Systems manufactures and sells world-class power systems for the on-road and off-road market sectors focused on class 4-8 commercial vehicles, mobile off-road, and stationary off-road equipment. Widely recognized for providing engineering, testing, prototype, and manufacturing services to the transportation industry, Roush also provides significant support to the aerospace, defense and theme park industries.
Associate Electrical Engineer - Power System Protection Solvenow Inc.Associate Electrical Engineer - Power System ProtectionAnn Arbor, MichiganAll applicants must be able to complete pre-employment onboarding requirements (if selected) which may include any/all of the following: criminal/civil background check, drug screen, and motor vehicle records search, in compliance with any applicable laws and regulations. Knowledge of the predominant protection schemes and philosophies which are encountered in Transmission, Distribution and Renewable Collector Substations.
Rotational Development Program - Software Engineer - Power Solutions Robert Bosch GmbHRotational Development Program - Software Engineer - Power SolutionsFarmington Hills, MIMinimum Requirements: Bachelor''s Degree received within the last 2 years in one of the following majors: Electrical Engineering, Computer Engineering or similar area with controls engineering focus. Within this RDP role, working as a Software Engineer for Powertrain Control Units (e.g., engine, fuel cell, or battery control units), you will.
Power System Design Senior Engineer General Dynamics CorpPower System Design Senior EngineerSterling Heights, MIExperience with electrical power systems (Power generation, power distribution, power management and energy storage) of military or automotive vehicles, including specifications, development, design, testing, integration and troubleshooting of vehicle electrical power system and their associated hardware components is required. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, General Dynamics is a global aerospace and defense company offering a broad portfolio of products and services in business aviation; ship construction and repair; land combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions; and technology products and services.
Power system Design Engineer General Dynamics CorpPower system Design EngineerSterling Heights, MIExperience with electrical power systems (power generation, power distribution, power management, energy storage) on automotive or military vehicles, including the specification, development, design, testing, integration, and troubleshooting of vehicle electrical power systems and their associated hardware components is required. Headquartered in Reston, Virginia, General Dynamics is a global aerospace and defense company offering a broad portfolio of products and services in business aviation; ship construction and repair; land combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions; and technology products and services.
Batteries Engineer - Senior Power Hardware General Dynamics CorpBatteries Engineer - Senior Power HardwareSterling Heights, MIHeadquartered in Reston, Virginia, General Dynamics is a global aerospace and defense company offering a broad portfolio of products and services in business aviation; ship construction and repair; land combat vehicles, weapons systems and munitions; and technology products and services. Description: Position Overview: General Dynamics Land Systems, part of General Dynamics, is seeking an Electrical Power Hardware Engineer to lead the design, development, and integration of smart High and Low Voltage Electrical Power Storage and Power Management Hardware solutions.
New48V Power Controls Engineer Ford Motor Co48V Power Controls EngineerAllen Park, MI$6–$8 / hourThis position is a salary grades 6 -8 and ranges from $85,400-$192,900, Final determination of salary grade will be based on candidate''s skills and experience, and base salary will be set within the applicable range according to job scope, responsibility and competitive market value. The role requires strong systems thinking, hands-on issue investigation, and the ability to analyze interactions between power generation, energy storage, load behavior, voltage and current stability, and charge margin.