Senior Information Technology Engineer, IT Security (IT/OT Firewall Administration) EBMUDSenior Information Technology Engineer, IT Security (IT/OT Firewall Administration)Oakland, CA$157,488–$191,424 / yearFull timeThe most competitive candidates for the Senior IT Security Engineer position will possess strong working knowledge of firewall administration in a highly available production environment; networking experience; threat intelligence; experience in critical infrastructure-including ICS/OT firewall management; and project management principles and practices and cybersecurity best practices. Experience is desired in three or more of the following disciplines: · At least five years of hands-on experience administering firewalls in enterprise-scale, high-availability production environments, including policy management, troubleshooting, and rule lifecycle maintenance.
AWS Platform Engineer StefaniniAWS Platform EngineerSan Francisco, CA$90–$94 / hourTemporaryContractorAbout Stefanini Group: The Stefanini Group is a global provider of offshore, onshore and near shore outsourcing, IT digital consulting, systems integration, application, and strategic staffing services to Fortune 1000 enterprises around the world. Our presence is in countries like the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia, and more than four hundred clients across a broad spectrum of markets, including financial services, manufacturing, telecommunications, chemical services, technology, public sector, and utilities.
NewAWS DevOps Engineer StefaniniAWS DevOps EngineerSan Francisco, CARemote$100–$106 / hourTemporaryContractorAbout Stefanini Group: The Stefanini Group is a global provider of offshore, onshore and near shore outsourcing, IT digital consulting, systems integration, application, and strategic staffing services to Fortune 1000 enterprises around the world. Our presence is in countries like the Americas, Europe, Africa, and Asia, and more than four hundred clients across a broad spectrum of markets, including financial services, manufacturing, telecommunications, chemical services, technology, public sector, and utilities.
NewProject Engineer - Commercial Construction JobotProject Engineer - Commercial ConstructionPleasanton, CA$100,000–$120,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. As a project engineer on our team, you will be responsible for overseeing he technical, financial, and administrative execution of construction projects while supporting the Project Manager and Superintendent.
NewWater Resources Civil Engineer JobotWater Resources Civil EngineerDaly City, CA$75,000–$150,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. We're more than just an employee-owned engineering and environmental sciences consulting firm – we're a community of passionate individuals dedicated to making a positive impact on both the quality of life and the environment.
NewSenior Project Engineer - Commercial Construction JobotSenior Project Engineer - Commercial ConstructionPleasanton, CA$120,000–$150,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. As a senior project engineer on our team, you will be responsible for overseeing he technical, financial, and administrative execution of construction projects while supporting the Project Manager and Superintendent.
Project Engineer - Commercial HVAC JobotProject Engineer - Commercial HVACWalnut Creek, CA$95,000–$120,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. actual performance, preparing and tracking submittals, coordinating pre‑construction handoffs with field and estimating teams, and contributing to business development, estimating, bidding, and project negotiations as required.
Mechanical Design Engineer - Commercial HVAC JobotMechanical Design Engineer - Commercial HVACUnion City, CA$55–$75 / hourInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. Field Integration: Provide support during construction with activities like submittal reviews, resolving RFIs, and participating in site assessments to ensure smooth project execution.
NewGeotechnical Engineer JobotGeotechnical EngineerDanville, CA$125,000–$150,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. With over 40 years of being in business, we are a full-service geotechnical firm that is owned and staffed by professional engineers, geologists, field technicians, and special inspectors!
NewProject Engineer-HVAC or Plumbing JobotProject Engineer-HVAC or PlumbingAlameda, CA$100,000–$130,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. The successful candidate will be responsible for managing a variety of commercial plumbing projects from start to finish, ensuring they are completed on time and within budget.
NewTransmission Line Engineer CYNET SYSTEMSTransmission Line EngineerOakland, CA$82–$87 / hourTemporaryContractorPart timeAs a nationally and locally certified Minority Business Enterprise (MBE), Cynet Systems is committed to helping organizations build high-performing teams while empowering professionals to grow rewarding careers. We deliver agile, scalable talent solutions across IT, engineering, life sciences, clinical, and professional staffing, powered by a high-performing recruitment engine operating across North America and Asia.
NewProject Engineer JobotProject EngineerBerkeley, CA$90,000–$108,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. By applying for this job, you agree to receive calls, AI-generated calls, text messages, or emails from Jobot, and/or its agents and contracted partners.
Cyber Security Engineer - Sr. Consultant level Visa Technology and Operations LLCCyber Security Engineer - Sr. Consultant levelFoster City, CA$180,600–$289,300 / yearThe ideal candidate is a strong security engineer and problem solver with deep experience in Python‑based services, cloud security engineering, API‑driven architectures, and automation, and who is excited to apply GenAI and autonomous agent technologies to modern security challenges. Visa’s Cyber Security team is seeking a Cyber Security Engineer to design, build, and operate large‑scale, cloud‑native and AI‑driven security platforms that protect Visa’s global brand, networks, products, and data.
Lead Software Engineer Visa Technology and Operations LLCLead Software EngineerFoster City, CA$192,300–$307,600 / yearVisa is a world leader in payments technology, facilitating transactions between consumers, merchants, financial institutions and government entities across more than 200 countries and territories, dedicated to uplifting everyone, everywhere by being the best way to pay and be paid. Essential Functions Provide deep technical leadership within Shared Services Product Development, with a strong understanding of how shared platforms enable downstream product innovation.
Staff Systems Engineer, Microsoft Teams Visa Technology and Operations LLCStaff Systems Engineer, Microsoft TeamsFoster City, CA$131,600–$233,700 / yearAs a Microsoft Teams Staff Systems Engineer, you will own the end‑to‑end deployment, optimization, and evolution of the Teams environment, including meetings, chat, channels, voice, platform integrations, security, device integration, and space booking capabilities. Maximize AI and agentic automation opportunities across Microsoft Teams and the broader Microsoft 365 platform, including Copilot, Graph‑based automation, workflow intelligence, meeting and communication insights, and next‑generation collaboration agents.
NewSenior Sales Engineer JobotSenior Sales EngineerPleasanton, CA$300,000–$330,000 / yearThe founding team includes senior leaders and technical pioneers from industry giants like AWS, Cisco, VMware, and Gigamon - holding dozens of patents and having built critical systems at some of the most respected tech companies in the industry. Information collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal.
Software Engineer Visa Technology and Operations LLCSoftware EngineerFoster City, CA$97,800–$152,100 / yearBasic Qualifications • Bachelor's degree, OR 3+ years of relevant work experience Preferred Qualifications • Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Computer Information Systems, Computer Engineering, or closely related field and 2 years of experience in the job offered or in a software engineer-related occupation. Join our dynamic Visa Cybersecurity – Product Security Engineering team, a key component of Visa's Technology organization, where you will play a crucial role in securing and innovating Visa's products and services.
NewSenior Substation Project Engineer CYNET SYSTEMSSenior Substation Project EngineerOakland, CA$86–$91 / hourTemporaryContractorPart timeAs a nationally and locally certified Minority Business Enterprise (MBE), Cynet Systems is committed to helping organizations build high-performing teams while empowering professionals to grow rewarding careers. We deliver agile, scalable talent solutions across IT, engineering, life sciences, clinical, and professional staffing, powered by a high-performing recruitment engine operating across North America and Asia.
Senior AI/MLOPS Engineer CYNET SYSTEMSSenior AI/MLOPS EngineerPleasanton, CA$75–$80 / hourTemporaryContractorPart timeAs a nationally and locally certified Minority Business Enterprise (MBE), Cynet Systems is committed to helping organizations build high-performing teams while empowering professionals to grow rewarding careers. We deliver agile, scalable talent solutions across IT, engineering, life sciences, clinical, and professional staffing, powered by a high-performing recruitment engine operating across North America and Asia.
Specialty Software Engineer 3 - Contingent Pinnacle Technical ResourcesSpecialty Software Engineer 3 - ContingentConcord, California$60–$70 / hourContractorClient is engineering a next-generation Digital Asset Platform designed to solve the "Approval-to-Execution Gap" in institutional finance: ensuring that digital asset transactions are signed only when strictly authorized by policy, without exposing private keys to cloud operators or insiders. Confidential Computing Architecture: Design and build services that run inside Trusted Execution Environments (TEEs), specifically targeting AMD SEV-SNP and Intel TDX via Confidential Containers (CoCo).
Engineering: Senior Customer Forward Deployed Engineer AmplitudeEngineering: Senior Customer Forward Deployed EngineerSan Francisco, CAThe Customer FDE (Forward Deployed Engineering) team sits at the intersection of engineering, product, and customer success — owning the technical delivery that takes validated products from co-development and implements them across enterprise customers. • Have hands-on experience shipping software in customer-facing contexts — youve owned or significantly contributed to implementations, integrations, or technical engagements where you delivered working solutions directly to customers or stakeholders.
NewHardware Validation Engineer CYNET SYSTEMSHardware Validation EngineerFremont, CA$45–$50 / hourTemporaryContractorPart timeAs a nationally and locally certified Minority Business Enterprise (MBE), Cynet Systems is committed to helping organizations build high-performing teams while empowering professionals to grow rewarding careers. We deliver agile, scalable talent solutions across IT, engineering, life sciences, clinical, and professional staffing, powered by a high-performing recruitment engine operating across North America and Asia.
NewSenior Associate, SailPoint Identity Governance Engineer KPMGSenior Associate, SailPoint Identity Governance EngineerSan Francisco, CA$95,855–$208,265 / yearSolid understanding of core Identity and Access Management principles, including identity lifecycle management, access requests, access certification, and role engineering; understanding of IAM and governance concepts, security controls, and regulatory requirements related to access governance (for example: SOX, NIST, ISO 27001); familiarity with cloud environments (AWS, Azure, or GCP). If you're looking for a firm with a strong team connection where you can be your whole self, have an impact, advance your skills, deepen your experiences, and have the flexibility and access to constantly find new areas of inspiration and expand your capabilities, then consider a career in Advisory.
Senior Software Engineer AmplitudeSenior Software EngineerSan Francisco, CAAs a Senior Software Engineer, youll take on complex infrastructure challenges: designing for extreme throughput, optimizing for millisecond latencies, and building resilient systems that run with close to zero downtime. Amplitude’s Commitment to Diversity Equity & Inclusion (DEI): Amplitude believes that diversity enables the creation of better products, improves the ability to solve complex problems, and drives more powerful solutions.
NewHVAC Engineer Tailored ManagementHVAC EngineerVACAVILLE, CAThis position plays a critical role in maintaining controlled manufacturing environments by ensuring proper temperature, humidity, airflow, pressure differentials, and air quality that directly impact product quality and regulatory compliance. Capital Projects & Continuous Improvement Lead or support HVAC-related capital projects, retrofits, equipment upgrades, and facility expansions.
Software Engineer, Graphics & Media FigmaSoftware Engineer, Graphics & MediaSan Francisco, CA$153,000–$376,000 / yearWe develop this C++/WebAssembly engine to ensure internal and external developers can rapidly build new products and features that are fast and reliable by default, and own areas such as our in-memory data model (SceneGraph), renderer, and multiplayer client/server protocols. Job level and actual compensation will be decided based on factors including, but not limited to, individual qualifications objectively assessed during the interview process (including skills and prior relevant experience, potential impact, and scope of role), market demands, and specific work location.
Software Engineer, Growth & Monetization FigmaSoftware Engineer, Growth & MonetizationSan Francisco, CAJob level and actual compensation will be decided based on factors including, but not limited to, individual qualifications objectively assessed during the interview process (including skills and prior relevant experience, potential impact, and scope of role), market demands, and specific work location. Depending on the team, you might design billing infrastructure at global scale, build secure enterprise access systems, improve how users discover and organize their work, or drive product-led growth and monetization initiatives.
Software Engineer, Mobile Web FigmaSoftware Engineer, Mobile WebSan Francisco, CAJob level and actual compensation will be decided based on factors including, but not limited to, individual qualifications objectively assessed during the interview process (including skills and prior relevant experience, potential impact, and scope of role), market demands, and specific work location. We also work with product teams across Figma to identify the most impactful features to bring to mobile and continuously invest in the quality of our mobile apps to make them a joy to use for designers (and everyone else!).
Software Engineer, AI Platforms FigmaSoftware Engineer, AI PlatformsSan Francisco, CAJob level and actual compensation will be decided based on factors including, but not limited to, individual qualifications objectively assessed during the interview process (including skills and prior relevant experience, potential impact, and scope of role), market demands, and specific work location. We’re looking for strong infrastructure and platform-minded engineers to contribute to our agent infrastructure, context retrieval & ranking platform, and core AI services, in order to accelerate our most critical company-wide AI initiatives.
Software Engineer, Machine Learning FigmaSoftware Engineer, Machine LearningSan Francisco, CAWhether you’re building intelligent search systems, crafting scalable data pipelines, or enhancing AI-powered creativity tools, your work will drive user productivity, shape new product experiences, and advance the state of AI at Figma. Job level and actual compensation will be decided based on factors including, but not limited to, individual qualifications objectively assessed during the interview process (including skills and prior relevant experience, potential impact, and scope of role), market demands, and specific work location.
Principal Software Engineer, Full Stack, Event Technology Tableau SoftwarePrincipal Software Engineer, Full Stack, Event TechnologySan Francisco, CAOur industry-leading platforms and solutions help connect target audiences to the content they need, when and where they need it — making it as easy as possible for them to learn how to use Salesforce products and drive business growth. • Proven ability to collaborate closely with cross-functional teams, including product managers, designers, and other engineering teams, to deliver exceptional user experiences.
Senior Platform Engineer AmplitudeSenior Platform EngineerSan Francisco, CAAs a Senior Platform Engineer, youll own medium-to-high-complexity platform projects end-to-end and help shape a platform where AI agents are first-class users alongside humans: kicking off deploys, opening pull requests against infrastructure, and triaging incidents, so a single engineer can get the throughput of a team. Youll partner with Staff engineers and product teams to make Kubernetes effortless across the engineering org, building self-service automation and scalable AWS infrastructure that lets product teams ship faster, safer, and with less cognitive load.
Staff Fullstack Engineer, Core Analytics AmplitudeStaff Fullstack Engineer, Core AnalyticsSan Francisco, CAOur values of growth mindset, ownership, and humility are core to the way we work: we’re tenacious in the face of challenges, we take the initiative to solve problems that drive our shared success, and we operate from a place of empathy and openness, seeking to understand many points of view. The team’s mission is to deliver a fast, intuitive, and reliable Analytics platform that empowers customers to confidently uncover insights about their products while driving infrastructure initiatives that strengthen and scale the platform.
Senior AI Engineer AmplitudeSenior AI EngineerSan Francisco, CAAs AI reshapes how customers analyze data, build products, and act on insights, we need engineers who can move fluidly between deep technical work and product judgment, shipping AI capabilities that customers and internal teams actually rely on. Amplitude’s Commitment to Diversity Equity & Inclusion (DEI): Amplitude believes that diversity enables the creation of better products, improves the ability to solve complex problems, and drives more powerful solutions.
Principal Software Engineer - Responsible AI (CoreAI) MicrosoftPrincipal Software Engineer - Responsible AI (CoreAI)San Francisco, CA$142,800–$274,800 / yearThere is a different range applicable to specific work locations, within the San Francisco Bay area and New York City metropolitan area, and the base pay range for this role in those locations is USD $188,000 - $304,200 per year. Bachelors Degree in Computer Science or related technical field AND 6+ years technical engineering experience with coding in languages including, but not limited to, C, C++, C#, Java, JavaScript, Go, or Python OR equivalent experience.
Senior Software Engineer; Analytics Compute Platform AmplitudeSenior Software Engineer; Analytics Compute PlatformSan Francisco, CABringing non-event data into the core model — representing things like customer profile properties, sessions, and lookup tables alongside event data, so features can be built against a single consistent model quickly and computed efficiently. Our team sits between Amplitudes front-end analytics products/ rest APIs/ MCPs and Nova, our proprietary analytics database, and owns the compute API that translates a users question into a fast, correct answer.
NewSenior Associate, Privileged Access Management Delivery Engineer KPMGSenior Associate, Privileged Access Management Delivery EngineerSan Francisco, CA$95,855–$208,265 / yearImplement and maintain PAM capabilities including privileged credential management, session management, just-in-time access, and endpoint management (EPM)components; implement automated integration across adjacent security solutions (for example: Crowdstrike, SIEM solutions, ServiceNow); automate PAM tasks using scripting and APIs (such as PowerShell, Python, REST, and others) and integrate with enterprise platforms (that is, Active Directory, IdPs, ITSM platforms, SIEM platforms, and more). Hands on experience with Privileged Access Management delivery and engineering, with specific experience using CyberArk On-Prem and SaaS solutions; additional experience with secrets management platforms (that is, Conjur, HashiCorp) and other PAM platforms (such as Delinea, BeyondTrust) preferred.
Staff Software Engineer - Payments RipplingStaff Software Engineer - PaymentsSan Francisco, CAPayroll Payments is the team within the Payments organization that owns converting payroll data into payment instructions - the what, who, and when of every debit and credit — and owning the admin, employee, contractor, Ops, and Support experience around those payments. • Raise the engineering bar for the entire organization by mentoring senior and junior engineers, leading in-depth design reviews, and championing best practices for code quality, testing, and observability.
Railway Engineer - Remote Teoresi GroupRailway Engineer - RemoteSan Francisco, CARemoteIntegration of onboard and wayside subsystems, including signaling components, sensors, communication interfaces, and control units, into system-level testing environments (e.g., HIL/SIL). At Teoresi, we specialize in supporting companies in creating projects using cutting-edge technologies such as self-driving cars and nanotechnology for the medical field.
System Integration Engineer - Remote Teoresi GroupSystem Integration Engineer - RemoteSan Francisco, CARemoteAt Teoresi, we specialize in supporting companies in creating projects using cutting-edge technologies such as self-driving cars and nanotechnology for the medical field. Teoresi Inc is an international Group, with offices in Europe and United States, that acts as an engineering partner to customers’ product and process development.
Staff Machine Learning Engineer (Research Scientist) - DFAI PlaidStaff Machine Learning Engineer (Research Scientist) - DFAISan Francisco, CA$249,120–$367,920 / yearPhD: 5–9+ years of industry experience with evidence of technical leadership (tech lead, principal/staff-equivalent roles) and end-to-end production ownership. We work with thousands of companies like Venmo, SoFi, several of the Fortune 500, and many of the largest banks to make it easy for people to connect their financial accounts to the apps and services they want to use.
Software Engineer (C# .NET Framework/SQL Server) SarnovaSoftware Engineer (C# .NET Framework/SQL Server)San Francisco, CAThe position is well suited for an engineer who enjoys working with complex systems, troubleshooting production issues, and contributing to the continued evolution and sustainability of the platform. This role focuses on supporting, enhancing, and progressively modernizing enterprise and legacy applications using C#, NET Framework, and SQL Server.
Staff Software Development Engineer in Test dbt LabsStaff Software Development Engineer in TestOakland, CAThe role sits at the intersection of hands-on engineering, architectural leadership, and org-wide quality influence, with an emphasis on leveraging AI-driven solutions to accelerate testing and enhance developer productivity. Together, we’re delivering the data infrastructure layer that helps organizations move, transform, and trust their data — from the moment data moves, through every transformation, to the context teams and AI systems rely on.
Lead Dynamics 365 CRM Engineer EPAM SystemsLead Dynamics 365 CRM EngineerSan Francisco, CANET expertise and team leadership experience to drive technical excellence and deliver secure, scalable solutions. Join a dynamic team working on a Microsoft Dynamics 365 CRM implementation for a major US-based organization.
Senior Industrial Engineer - 1st Shift GXO LogisticsSenior Industrial Engineer - 1st ShiftStockton, CA$92,000–$115,000Our greatest strength is our global team – energetic, innovative people of all experience levels and talents who make GXO a great place to work. The amount and availability of any bonus, commission, benefits, or any other form of compensation and benefits that are allocable to a particular employee remains in the Company’s sole discretion unless and until paid and may be modified at the Company’s sole discretion, consistent with the law.
Enterprise Sales Engineer - Sales Engineering PlaidEnterprise Sales Engineer - Sales EngineeringSan Francisco, CA$196,800–$322,800 / yearWe work with thousands of companies like Venmo, SoFi, several of the Fortune 500, and many of the largest banks to make it easy for people to connect their financial accounts to the apps and services they want to use. You will ensure a successful transition to the post-sale stage of the customer lifecycle and partner with account teams to drive adoption of new products by existing customers.
(Agile1)IT Solutions Engineer, Principal Axelon(Agile1)IT Solutions Engineer, PrincipalOakland, CA$100–$125 / hourThe Lead Software Engineer owns mobile and backend architecture, guides implementation decisions, coordinates integration across Client systems, and leads delivery through technical direction, mentorship, and increasing team leadership responsibility. Lead Software Engineer Mobile & Platforms to provide senior technical leadership for the design, development, and evolution of a new customerfacing mobile application platform.
NewPrincipal Engineer JobotPrincipal EngineerBurlingame, CA$230,000–$250,000 / yearInformation collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal. Leading the next evolution of clinical decision-making and patient workflow, we are empowering physicians to make faster decisions for better patient outcomes.
Forward Deployed Engineer JobotForward Deployed EngineerSan Francisco, CA$160,000–$300,000 / yearOur client is a leading data analytics and technology consulting firm that partners with private equity firms and their portfolio companies to solve complex business challenges through AI, advanced analytics, and modern data engineering. Information collected and processed as part of your Jobot candidate profile, and any job applications, resumes, or other information you choose to submit is subject to Jobot's Privacy Policy, as well as the Jobot California Worker Privacy Notice and Jobot Notice Regarding Automated Employment Decision Tools which are available at jobot.com/legal.
Senior Antenna Engineer BC ForwardSenior Antenna EngineerSan Francisco, CA$89–$95 / hourFull timeYou will work cross-functionally with electrical engineering, software, product design, industrial design, program management, operations, and manufacturing partners to deliver wireless products to market. You will guide products from concept to production, including simulations, prototyping, field and lab measurements, specifications and test plans, compliance report reviews, and resolution of antenna-related challenges.