NewPerformance Tester System OnePerformance TesterVienna, VA4+ years of hands-on experience in software testing, with a strong emphasis on performance engineering, including planning, execution, analysis, and optimization of application performance and scalability. • Strong analytical, troubleshooting, and problem-solving skills, with the ability to identify root causes, assess risks, and drive effective resolutions for complex technical issues.
NewMid-Level Tester PlanIT GroupMid-Level TesterNot Available, VAA minimum of eight (8) years experience in software development, software quality assurance/control, and/or related field; • A degree from an accredited College/University in Software Engineering, Computer Science, or related discipline is preferred; • Able to perform all functional duties independently on high-visibility programs, or mission critical aspects of a given program; • Able to oversee the efforts of direct reporting resources and/or be responsible for the efforts of all staff assigned to a specific job; • Experience training/mentoring less experienced personnel; • Extensive knowledge of and experience with formal software testing for complex software applications; • Extensive experience testing software applications, identifying/documenting defects, and working with developers and end users to resolve defects; • Extensive experience with multiple defect tracking tools (e.g. Rational, Mercury); • Extensive experience authoring software-quality-related documentation such as requirements specifications, test plans, test cases, test scripts and test reports; • Able to obtain Postal clearance; • Excellent communication skills.
Automated Tester Freedom Technology Solutions GroupAutomated TesterHerndon, VirginiaFreedom Technology Solutions Group has an opening for an Automated tester who will work as part of a small test team supporting multiple software applications in varying stages of deployment (from emerging technologies to legacy systems). As the technology stack expands and grows, our team of testers may be required to work with the application developers to support performance/load testing to fully evaluate the application capabilities.
Tester (Functional / QA Engineer) - IRS Sky SolutionsTester (Functional / QA Engineer) - IRSTysons Corner, VARemote$99,000–$149,000 / yearOur expertise spans AI-first enablement, delivering innovative solutions and advanced cybersecurity, fortifying digital ecosystems against emerging threats and digital transformation through low-code/no-code development, cloud solutions, and agile methodologies. Compensation is determined in good faith and may vary based on job-related factors, including relevant experience, skills, education, certifications, clearance level, labor category alignment, contract requirements, work location, internal equity, and business needs.
Compliance Tester III Capital One Financial CorpCompliance Tester IIIVA$109,900–$125,400 / yearThe Principal Compliance Tester III performs a key second line of defense role to help ensure corporate initiatives, departmental processes, and applicable lines of business comply with enterprise regulatory requirements. Execute targeted, complex, risk-based transaction testing for various lines of business in alignment with team methodology and Independent Compliance Transaction Testing (ICTT) procedures.
Senior Penetration Tester CoStar Group IncSenior Penetration TesterArlington, VAIncluded in the S&P 500 Index and the NASDAQ 100, CoStar Group is on a mission to digitize the worlds real estate, empowering all people to discover properties, insights and connections that improve their businesses and lives. Collaborate with detection engineering and incident response on purple team exercises, validating that preventative and detective controls behave as expected against realistic adversary techniques.
Senior Penetration Tester CoStar GroupSenior Penetration TesterArlington, VirginiaCollaborate with detection engineering and incident response on purple team exercises, validating that preventative and detective controls behave as expected against realistic adversary techniques. Demonstrated experience with web application and API penetration testing, including identifying and exploiting attack chains across complex application logic, authentication, and authorization flows.
Lead Automation Tester Maximus IncLead Automation TesterMclean, VARemoteMaximus compensation is based on various factors including but not limited to job location, a candidate's education, training, experience, expected quality and quantity of work, required travel (if any), external market and internal value analysis including seniority and merit systems, as well as internal pay alignment. Lead defect intake, tracking, reporting, and management, coordinating retesting activities and supporting restoration actions tied to defects, including break‑fix and service restoration.
Senior Software Tester Commonwealth of VirginiaSenior Software TesterRichmond, VA$103,500–$122,500 / yearIn-depth knowledge of software test methodologies and tools, with hands-on experience across all testing phases (e.g., Unit, System, Integration, Regression, Acceptance) and techniques (e.g., White-box/Black-box, Usability, Data Validation, Pattern Analysis). This role establishes and enforces optimized quality assurance processes for testing both new and modified software, covering all testing phases and types.
Testing Specialist/Tester 22nd Century Technologies, Inc.Testing Specialist/TesterBelvoir, VARemoteExperience in computer software development and testing software applications, including system, regression, acceptance, end to end, performance, and automation testing. • Knowledge developing and maintaining test cases using designated automated test tools.
Cyber Security Project Engineer (Penetration Tester) Ardent Principles, Inc.Cyber Security Project Engineer (Penetration Tester)Herndon, Virginia$130,000–$260,000 / yearWe are hiring a Cyber Security Engineer (Penetration Tester) with with hands-on penentration testing experience, applying attack methods, exploitation techniques, and advanced network analysis to evaluate enterprise‑level systems. Who We Are : Ardent Principles delivers cutting‑edge capabilities across data science, data engineering, software engineering, AI solutions, cybersecurity, and IT program management.
Senior Associate, Controls Tester Capital One Financial CorpSenior Associate, Controls TesterRichmond, VA$96,500–$110,100 / yearSpecifically, the Process Excellence Team within Card Risk is leading a multi-year transformational Well Managed journey focusing on: 1) Strengthening the Control Ecosystem - working closely with all Card business areas to enable deeper risk mitigation and requirement compliance working closing with all Card business areas to enable better business results through process, risk and control capabilities and insights 2) Enable Ownership & Accountability through Transparency - providing clear, end-to-end "single view of the truth" for leaders to enable sound decision-making 3) Amplify Simplification & Automation - integrating related work to drive more efficiency and effectiveness, while advancing the journey to reduce manual processes and seize the power of data 4) Drive Sustainability - proactively adopting digital solutions and right-sized advisory governance to enable sustainable risk management. Successful candidates will demonstrate a proven track record of controls testing execution and oversight; project and program delivery; change resiliency to maintain momentum in a dynamic, fast-paced and complex environment and among competing priorities; and strong partnership and communication skills to engage and influence critical stakeholders.
NewCleared Penetration Tester FortreumCleared Penetration TesterHerndon, VirginiaOur continued rapid growth creates exceptional opportunities for driven professionals to make their mark in the cybersecurity industry—guided by our core values: quality above all, a customer-driven mindset, autonomy, and personal accountability. Specifically, you would: Work closely with all members of the team to conduct penetration testing of customer networks, applications (API, web, and mobile), and/or social engineering activities to achieve the customer’s objectives of the engagement.
QA tester (Manual and Automation) - AI Ampcus IncorporatedQA tester (Manual and Automation) - AIChantilly, VAYou will be responsible for ensuring high product quality, developing robust test frameworks, and contributing to continuous testing within Agile environments. The ideal candidate should have hands-on expertise in Playwright automation , solid understanding of modern QA practices , and exposure to AI-driven testing tools and techniques .
Penetration Tester (Part Time & Remote) TestProsPenetration Tester (Part Time & Remote)Sterling, VARemotePart timeWork closely with development teams, product managers, and customer success teams to ensure successful delivery of consulting services or product implementation projects and remove roadblocks. TestPros considers several factors when extending an offer, including but not limited to, Federal Government contract labor categories and contract wage rates, relevant prior work experience, specific skills and competencies, geographic location, education, and certifications.
Penetration Tester Booz Allen Hamilton IncPenetration TesterHerndon, VA$86,800–$198,000 / yearOffensive Security Certified Professional (OSCP), HTB Certified Penetration Tester Specialist (CPTS), eLearnSecurity Junior Penetration Tester (EJPT), GIAC Global Information Assurance Penetration Tester (GPEN), or GIAC Cloud Penetration Tester Certification. Onsite: If this position is listed as onsite, work will primarily be performed at a Booz Allen office or customer facility, where employees will collaborate directly with colleagues and customers as required by the role.
Automated Tester Two Six Technologies IncAutomated TesterHerndon, VA$85,204–$127,806 / yearSalary is one component of our total compensation package and the specific salary offered is determined by various factors, including, but not limited to education, experience, knowledge, skills, geographic location, as well as contract specific affordability and organizational requirements. Two Six Technologies is actively seeking an Automation Tester to support motivated to learn and contribute to a growing team that is solving complex problems for our intelligence community.
NewTester - Expert MarkonTester - ExpertChantilly, Virginia$150,000–$190,000 / yearFull timeThe successful candidate will collaborate closely with software developers, systems engineers, product owners, and other technical stakeholders to identify defects, validate functionality, and ensure the delivery of reliable, secure, and high-quality software solutions in an Agile development environment. Our growing reach extends across 17 states, 116 countries, and 5 continents, where our team of dynamic professionals collaborates to deliver unparalleled program and project management services.
S/W Q.A. Spec./App Tester - Senior Nightwing Intelligence SolutionsS/W Q.A. Spec./App Tester - SeniorSterling, Virginia$99,000–$206,000 / yearThe Kodiak program has an opening for an Automated tester who will work as part of a small test team supporting multiple software applications in varying stages of deployment (from emerging technologies to legacy systems). Our capabilities include cyber space operations, cyber defense and resiliency, vulnerability research, ubiquitous technical surveillance, data intelligence, lifecycle mission enablement, and software modernization.
Seeking Former Fire Control Technician: PCS Tester General Dynamics Mission Systems, IncSeeking Former Fire Control Technician: PCS TesterManassas, Virginia$90,359–$97,771 / yearA Bachelor’s of Science or Technology degree, a related specialized area or field (or equivalent experience) plus a minimum of 2 years of relevant experience; Demonstrate narrowly focused in-depth technical level of practical operational process knowledge in a specific engineering area. Basic Qualifications: Bachelor's or Technology degree in Engineering or a related specialized area/field, or equivalent combination of education and relevant work experience, plus 5 years of relevant experience; or Master's degree plus 3 years of experience.
NewSoftware Tester / QA Analyst SMX USASoftware Tester / QA AnalystGlen Allen,, VAThe Software Tester / QA Analyst will be responsible for ensuring software quality through manual and automated testing, defect management, and collaboration with cross-functional teams. The ideal candidate will have strong analytical skills, hands-on automation experience, and experience working in Agile development environments.
Automation Tester Computer World ServicesAutomation TesterSpringfield, VirginiaThe Automation Tester should have the following skills: • Experience in backend or API test automation • Strong knowledge of Agile, CI/CD, and DevOps practices • Experience with performance testing and systems engineering • Experience with JMeter and developing Curl or Shell scripts • Excellent communication and problem-solving skills • Ability to work independently and collaboratively in cross-functional teams • Ability to convey technical information to non-technical individuals Key Tasks & Responsibilities. If reasonable accommodation is needed to participate in the job application or interview process, to perform essential job functions, and/or to receive other benefits and privileges of employment, please contact Human Resources at [email protected] We may use artificial intelligence (AI) tools to support parts of the hiring process, such as reviewing applications, analyzing resumes, or assessing responses and identifying potential inconsistencies or verification signals in application materials based on available information.
Business Analyst/QA Tester SteampunkBusiness Analyst/QA TesterMcLean, Virginia$75,000–$140,000 / yearAssist business analysts, team leads, clients, and other team members in the use of JIRA as an Agile Lifecycle Management Tool to track work within the program across multiple product teams. Excellent interpersonal skills, as well as excellent communication skills, verbal and written to both technical and non-technical audiences that are in a geographically dispersed environment (conference calls, Skype, face-to-face).
NewSenior Specialist, Systems Engineer - User Acceptance Tester L3Harris TechnologiesSenior Specialist, Systems Engineer - User Acceptance TesterAlexandria, VA$106,500–$197,500 / yearThe successful candidate will support a high performing team of Government and Contractor professionals by testing software releases to ensure they function correctly, documenting failed test cases, and documenting any changes or updates needed to existing procedures. With customers' mission-critical needs always in mind, our employees deliver end-to-end technology solutions connecting the space, air, land, sea and cyber domains in the interest of national security.
Senior Specialist, Systems Engineer - User Acceptance Tester L3Harris Technologies IncSenior Specialist, Systems Engineer - User Acceptance TesterSpringfield, VAThe successful candidate will support a high performing team of Government and Contractor professionals by testing software releases to ensure they function correctly, documenting failed test cases, and documenting any changes or updates needed to existing procedures. With customers' mission-critical needs always in mind, our employees deliver end-to-end technology solutions connecting the space, air, land, sea and cyber domains in the interest of national security.
NewCleared Senior Penetration Tester FortreumCleared Senior Penetration TesterHerndon, VirginiaYour specific responsibilities will include: Work closely with all members of the team to conduct penetration tests on networks, applications (including APIs, mobile apps, and web applications), and systems to identify security vulnerabilities and weaknesses and to achieve the customer’s objectives of the engagement. Our continued rapid growth creates exceptional opportunities for driven professionals to make their mark in the cybersecurity industry—guided by our core values: quality above all, a customer-driven mindset, autonomy, and personal accountability.
NewSoftware Quality Assurance Specialist/ Applications Tester Node.DigitalSoftware Quality Assurance Specialist/ Applications TesterHerndon, VAWork in close partnership with project managers, software developers, architects, security engineers and designated Sponsor teams in developing test plans, procedures, and scenarios for unit, process, function, system integration, and acceptance testing. Test each product or procedure to verify that it provides the desired functionality/outcome, and to validate its performance in accordance with the acceptance criteria for that functionality.
Test TechnicianFunctional Tester Hitachi LtdTest TechnicianFunctional TesterSouth Boston, VAWhether independently managing multiple assignments or teaming up with colleagues to improve processes, youll be central to delivering high-quality solutions that make a global impact. Youll thrive in a fast-paced production environment that values precision, safety, and collaboration-while giving you room to grow, solve problems, and influence product excellence.
NewAI Automation tester Iconma LLCAI Automation testerMcLean, VABuild automated review agents that evaluate user stories/requirements for minimum required clarity and data before development/testing starts: Required fields present (acceptance criteria, testable outcomes, data needs, dependencies). Build automated reporting that aggregates test + service data across multiple microservices, such as: Test execution results (Karate/Playwright + CI runs).
Senior Quality Assurance Tester (ServiceNow) ICFSenior Quality Assurance Tester (ServiceNow)Reston, VirginiaRemotePay Range - There are multiple factors that are considered in determining final pay for a position, including, but not limited to, relevant work experience, skills, certifications and competencies that align to the specified role, geographic location, education and certifications as well as contract provisions regarding labor categories that are specific to the position. The Senior QA Tester delivers expert guidance on QA best practices, collaborates closely with developers and product teams, and provides detailed, actionable testing results.
Software Applications Tester - TS/SCI with Polygraph GD Information TechnologySoftware Applications Tester - TS/SCI with PolygraphMcLean, VirginiaGDIT is seeking highly cleared candidates with active TS SCI w/ Poly to provide software development, engineering, database design and Software Testing in support of enterprise –wide systems and products for the Intelligence Community (IC). To ensure our employees are able to protect their income, other offerings such as short and long-term disability benefits, life, accidental death and dismemberment, personal accident, critical illness and business travel and accident insurance are provided or available.
Software Quality Assurance Specialist/Applications Tester - TS/SCI with Polygraph GD Information TechnologySoftware Quality Assurance Specialist/Applications Tester - TS/SCI with PolygraphMcLean, VirginiaGDIT is seeking highly cleared candidates with active TS SCI w/ Poly to provide software development, engineering, database design and Software Testing in support of enterprise –wide systems and products for the Intelligence Community (IC). A Software QA Specialist/Applications Tester must have: Education: Bachelor’s degree in Computer Science, Engineering, or a related technical discipline, or the equivalent combination of education, technical certifications or training, or work experience.
Seeking Former Fire Control Technician: PCS Tester General Dynamics CorpSeeking Former Fire Control Technician: PCS TesterManassas, VA$90,359–$97,771 / yearWhat you bring to the table: A Bachelors of Science or Technology degree, a related specialized area or field (or equivalent experience) plus a minimum of 2 years of relevant experience; Demonstrate narrowly focused in-depth technical level of practical operational process knowledge in a specific engineering area. Bachelor's or Technology degree in Engineering or a related specialized area/field, or equivalent combination of education and relevant work experience, plus 5 years of relevant experience; or Master's degree plus 3 years of experience.
QA Automation Tester Science Applications International CorpQA Automation TesterReston, VAThe AI Agentic Program seeks a senior automation tester with strong experience testing Agile software teams delivering cloud-native, intelligence-driven, and autonomous multi-agent systems. Identify and drive implementation of best practices in automation testing, including AI-based techniques for defect detection, predictive test case generation, and maintenance of reusable test assets.
Jr Cyber Penetration Tester Peraton IncJr Cyber Penetration TesterArlington, VA$66,000–$106,000 / yearThis Federal Strategic Cyber program encompasses technical, engineering, data analytics, cyber security, management, operational, logistical and administrative support to aid and advise the Cyber & Technology Security (CTS) Directorate. As the world's leading mission capability integrator and transformative enterprise IT provider, we deliver trusted, highly differentiated solutions and technologies to protect our nation and allies.
Jr Cyber Penetration Tester / Secret Peraton IncJr Cyber Penetration Tester / SecretArlington, VA$66,000–$106,000 / yearThis Federal Strategic Cyber program encompasses technical, engineering, data analytics, cyber security, management, operational, logistical and administrative support to aid and advise the Cyber & Technology Security (CTS) Directorate. Either possess or obtain prior to start date ONE of the following certifications: CCNA Cyber Ops, CCNA-Security, CEH, CFR, Cloud+, CySA+, GCIA, GCIH, GICSP, or SCYBER.
Penetration Tester, Mid (TS/SCI Clearance) Praescient Analytics LLCPenetration Tester, Mid (TS/SCI Clearance)Arlington, VA$90,000–$130,000 / yearPosition Overview: Praescient Analytics is seeking a highly motivated Penetration Tester to join our cybersecurity team in Arlington, VA, supporting the Department of War (DoW) Chief Digital and Artificial Intelligence Office's (CDAO) War Data Platform (WDP)-formerly known as Advana. You will conduct comprehensive penetration tests across applications, networks, and hybrid-cloud systems hosting hundreds of curated analytics tools, actively identifying and exploiting vulnerabilities to validate and strengthen the platform's security posture against advanced threats.
Government and Public Sector - Cybersecurity - Penetration Tester - Senior Consultant Ernst & Young Global LtdGovernment and Public Sector - Cybersecurity - Penetration Tester - Senior ConsultantMcLean, VA$104,800–$192,200 / yearIf you have a disability and either need assistance applying online or need to request an accommodation during any part of the application process, please call 1-800-EY-HELP3, select Option 2 for candidate related inquiries, then select Option 1 for candidate queries and finally select Option 2 for candidates with an inquiry which will route you to EY's Talent Shared Services Team (TSS) or email the TSS at ssc.customersupport@ey.com. From strategy to execution, the Government & Public Sector practice ("GPS") of Ernst & Young provides a full range of consulting and audit services to help our Federal, State, Local and Education clients implement new ideas to help achieve their mission outcomes.
Penetration Tester CACI International IncPenetration TesterChantilly, VA$113,200–$237,800 / yearPay Range: There are a host of factors that can influence final salary including, but not limited to, geographic location, Federal Government contract labor categories and contract wage rates, relevant prior work experience, specific skills and competencies, education, and certifications. • Knowledge of exploitation concepts including phishing and social engineering tactics, buffer overflows, fuzzing, SQLi, MiTM, covert channels, secure tunneling and open source exfiltration techniques.
Jr Cyber Penetration Tester / Secret PeratonJr Cyber Penetration Tester / SecretArlington, Virginia$66,000–$106,000 / yearFull timeThis Federal Strategic Cyber program encompasses technical, engineering, data analytics, cyber security, management, operational, logistical and administrative support to aid and advise the Cyber & Technology Security (CTS) Directorate. Either possess or obtain prior to start date ONE of the following certifications: CCNA Cyber Ops, CCNA-Security, CEH, CFR, Cloud+, CySA+, GCIA, GCIH, GICSP, or SCYBER.
Jr Cyber Penetration Tester PeratonJr Cyber Penetration TesterArlington, Virginia$66,000–$106,000 / yearFull timeThis Federal Strategic Cyber program encompasses technical, engineering, data analytics, cyber security, management, operational, logistical and administrative support to aid and advise the Cyber & Technology Security (CTS) Directorate. As the world’s leading mission capability integrator and transformative enterprise IT provider, we deliver trusted, highly differentiated solutions and technologies to protect our nation and allies.
Java Developer/Tester StratAcuity Staffing Partners IncJava Developer/TesterManassas, VA$60–$110 / hourIn terms of professional development, Everforth Apex hosts an on-demand training program, provides access to certification prep and a library of technical and leadership courses/books/seminars once you have 6+ months of tenure, and certification discounts and other perks to associations that include CompTIA and IIBA. This includes hands-on experience writing unit and component tests for code not originally authored by the candidate, and a combined total of 3+ years in Linux, scripting/software development, and configuration management.
Quality Assurance Tester Unissant IncQuality Assurance TesterAshburn, VA2 years of experience in documenting business and systems requirements, including developing user stories with acceptance criteria and constructing workflow and diagrams. Develop automated test scripts using tools Rest Assured, Selenium, and Postman using TestNG and BDD framework.
Penetration Tester SkyePoint DecisionsPenetration TesterArlington, VA$95,000–$112,000 / yearSkyePoint Decisions is a leading Cybersecurity Architecture and Engineering, Critical Infrastructure and Operations, and Applications Development and Maintenance IT service provider headquartered in Dulles, Virginia with operations across the U.S. We provide innovative enterprise-wide solutions as well as targeted services addressing the complex challenges faced by our federal government clients. SkyePoint Decisions is seeking a Penetration Tester to support the Diplomatic Security Cyber Mission (DSCM) program providing leading cyber and technology security experience to enable innovative, effective, and secure business processes.
Senior Quality Assurance Tester (ServiceNow) ICF International IncSenior Quality Assurance Tester (ServiceNow)Reston, VARemote$81,499–$138,549 / yearPay Range - There are multiple factors that are considered in determining final pay for a position, including, but not limited to, relevant work experience, skills, certifications and competencies that align to the specified role, geographic location, education and certifications as well as contract provisions regarding labor categories that are specific to the position. The Senior QA Tester delivers expert guidance on QA best practices, collaborates closely with developers and product teams, and provides detailed, actionable testing results.
Tester Dover CorpTesterVADover Food Retail (DFR) is a leading manufacturer of Display Cases, Specialty Products, Refrigeration Systems, Power Systems and Comprehensive Services; and leading our industry by Innovating What's Next in glass doors and intelligent merchandising technologies that keep food safe under brands such as HillPhoenix and Anthony. How We Define Our Values and Why You Should Join Our Team: The backbone behind our collection of outstanding businesses is a team of dedicated employees who protect and enhance our valued reputation for quality and delivering what we promise.
Tester - 2nd Shift Dover CorpTester - 2nd ShiftVADover Food Retail (DFR) is a leading manufacturer of Display Cases, Specialty Products, Refrigeration Systems, Power Systems and Comprehensive Services; and leading our industry by Innovating What's Next in glass doors and intelligent merchandising technologies that keep food safe under brands such as HillPhoenix and Anthony. How We Define Our Values and Why You Should Join Our Team: The backbone behind our collection of outstanding businesses is a team of dedicated employees who protect and enhance our valued reputation for quality and delivering what we promise.
NewSoftware Tester/QA Analyst 3 TOMORROW HIRESoftware Tester/QA Analyst 3Glen Allen, VirginiaWe are seeking a detail-oriented DSS Software Tester/QA Analyst 3 to join a quality assurance team supporting software testing initiatives for the Virginia Information Technology Agency (VITA). The DSS Software Tester/QA Analyst 3 will support software quality assurance efforts by developing and executing comprehensive manual and automated testing strategies.
TMIP-Maritime Software Tester CACITMIP-Maritime Software TesterNorfolk, VirginiaPay Range : There are a host of factors that can influence final salary including, but not limited to, geographic location, Federal Government contract labor categories and contract wage rates, relevant prior work experience, specific skills and competencies, education, and certifications. As a valued team member, you’ll be part of a high-performing group dedicated to our customer’s missions and driven by a higher purpose – to ensure the safety of our nation.
NewPenetration Tester LV8D Solutions LLCPenetration TesterChantilly, VirginiaPen Tester, Level 3 (Senior) Functional Description: In addition to achieved duties described in Level 2, the Pen Tester is responsible for designing and leading complex penetration tests, develops customized tools and methodologies; providing expert guidance on security best practices; identifying complex vulnerabilities, providing strategic security advice, and leading remediation efforts; collaborating with management to develop security policies, training other cybersecurity professionals, and staying abreast of emerging threats. Pen Tester, Level 2 (Intermediate) Functional Description: In addition to achieved duties described in Level 1, the Pen Tester is responsible for conducting more complex penetration tests, exploring more complex vulnerability analysis including misconfigurations and zero-day exploits, and developing more sophisticated exploitation techniques.