Architecture (Core): Distributed systems; microservices and modular monoliths; domain-driven design; event-driven architecture; API-first and contract-driven design; integration and messaging patterns; CQRS; resilience patterns (retry, circuit breaker, bulkhead, idempotency). Quality & Operations (Core): Automated testing strategy (unit, integration, contract, end-to-end); test automation in CI; observability (Open Telemetry, Application Insights); logging, metrics, distributed tracing; performance and load engineering; incident response.