Entry Level Paralegal - Philadelphia Friedman Vartolo LLPEntry Level Paralegal - PhiladelphiaPhiladelphia, PAFull timeThe CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven states. The firm is actively searching for applicants who are confident that they are capable of great things and is comfortable training intelligent individuals with limited prior experience.
Business Law and Paralegal Studies Adjunct Faculty (Part-Time) VIRGINIA COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYSTEMBusiness Law and Paralegal Studies Adjunct Faculty (Part-Time)Roanoke, VA$793–$1,278Posting Number ADJ_3027P Recruitment Type General Public - G Number of Vacancies Multi-hire Position End Date (if temporary) Job Open Date 02/03/2026 Job Close Date 02/02/2027 Open Until Filled Yes Agency Website www.virginiawestern.edu Contact Name Email hrapps@virginiawestern.edu All Adjunct Faculty positions require excellent oral, written, and interpersonal communication skills; ability to write syllabi and exams; ability to develop learning strategies, curriculum and assessments; as well as the ability to work with students of varying abilities from diverse backgrounds.
Corporate Business Litigation Paralegal Talis GroupCorporate Business Litigation ParalegalLouisville, KY$80,000–$85,000 / yearDraft and organize corporate governance documents, including operating agreements, bylaws, resolutions, meeting minutes, and shareholder or member consents. Prepare and file business entity formation and organizational documents, including corporations, LLCs, partnerships, and nonprofit organizations.
Paralegal Accent TitleParalegalBaton Rouge, Louisiana$18–$21WE’RE HIRING: SENIOR PARALEGAL We’re looking for an experienced, high-performing paralegal who takes ownership, moves with urgency, and doesn’t need to be micromanaged. Our firm handles personal injury, criminal defense, family law, real estate, and business matters.
Corporate Paralegal Capstone Search PartnersCorporate ParalegalTulsa, OklahomaThis role involves preparing, reviewing, and organizing legal documents and due diligence materials, coordinating closings, and interacting with government agencies and third-party providers to ensure the successful execution of complex legal matters. The Corporate Paralegal will work under the supervision of the Paralegal Committee and assigned attorneys to assist with a broad array of commercial real estate, corporate, and financing transactions.
Foreclosure Paralegal (319/o) Denovo ReviewForeclosure Paralegal (319/o)Boca Raton, FloridaThe successful candidate will be responsible for working on Plaintiff Mortgage Foreclosure litigation files, including, but not limited to: ordering title commitments, preparing draft Mortgage Foreclosure Complaints, Motions for Default, Notice of Dropping, Motion for Summary Judgment and other pleadings, e-filing pleadings, e-serving pleadings, setting hearings, communicating with clients in Tempo, CaseAware, LPS and other client systems and communicating with Opposing counsel. Must be able to e-file pleadings, e-serve pleadings, set hearings and knowledgeable communicating with clients in Tempo, LPS and other client systems as well as communicating with Opposing counsel; Experience with LPS and CaseAware is preferred.
Paralegal - Creditor Bankruptcy (331/o) Denovo ReviewParalegal - Creditor Bankruptcy (331/o)Boca Raton, FloridaThe successful candidate will be responsible for working on Creditor Bankruptcy files in mortgage foreclosure context, including, but not limited to: opening files in Case Aware, checking LPS, Bankruptcy/Pacer Searches, preparing Transfer of Claims (TOC), Proof of Claims (POC) and related notices, and Motion for Relief from Stay. Customer-centric and supportive full-service real estate law firm based in South Florida specializing in complex litigation cases and transactions is seeking an experienced Creditor Bankruptcy Paralegal to join their team.
Transactional Paralegal – Commercial Title & Survey SourcePro SearchTransactional Paralegal – Commercial Title & SurveyNew York$75,000–$90,000 / yearParalegal #TransactionalParalegal #RealEstateLaw #TitleAndSurvey #HiringNow #LegalJobs #NYCJobs. Assist attorneys with offering plans for condos and co-ops , including amendments and yearly filings.
Litigation Paralegal Brown & Associates, PLLCLitigation ParalegalGilbert, AZFull timeAssist with personal injury matters, including client intake, gathering and reviewing medical records and bills, communicating with insurance adjusters, tracking treatment, and supporting preparation of settlement demands. The ideal candidate is proactive, able to manage assigned cases with minimal supervision, and committed to delivering high-quality work product.
Paralegal Coastal Wave RecruitingParalegalMission Viejo, CAThey represent individuals and businesses in a variety of civil matters, including commercial litigation, employment law, construction and real estate disputes, and more. Key Responsibilities include: Draft, edit, and proofread legal documents including pleadings, discovery, motions, subpoenas, and correspondence.
Paralegal The Related Companies LPParalegalChicago, IL$100,000–$130,000 / yearLathrop Homes into a mixed-income community; 400 Lake Shore Drive, two residential towers situated where the river meets the lake in Chicago, and Roosevelt Square, an innovative 120-acre multi-phase development on Chicago's west side. The company commands a portfolio of residential, mixed-use and master-planned properties, including pioneering projects like The 78 where the company is heading a transformational development on 62 acres in the heart of downtown Chicago to create the city's next great neighborhood.
Creditor Bankruptcy Foreclosure Paralegal (321/o) Denovo ReviewCreditor Bankruptcy Foreclosure Paralegal (321/o)Boca Raton, FloridaThe successful candidate will be responsible for working on Creditor Bankruptcy files in a mortgage foreclosure context, including, but not limited to: opening files in Case Aware, checking LPS, bankruptcy/Pacer Searches, preparing Transfer of Claims (TOC), Proof of Claims (POC) and related notices, Motion for Relief from Stay. Customer-centric and supportive full-service real estate law firm based in South Florida specializing in complex litigation cases and transactions is seeking an experienced Bankruptcy Foreclosure Paralegal to join their team.
NewExperienced Foreclosure Paralegal - Remote Friedman Vartolo LLPExperienced Foreclosure Paralegal - RemoteRochester, NYRemoteFull timeThe ideal candidate will have a broad range of foreclosure experience including, but not limited to managing foreclosure from referral through conclusion, ordering title, obtaining payoffs, deed, assignment and letter preparation, meeting time sensitive deadlines, providing updates and timely responses to clients, etc. The CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven states.
NewForeclosure Paralegal - Philly Friedman Vartolo LLPForeclosure Paralegal - PhillyPhiladelphia, PAFull timeThe ideal candidate will have a broad range of foreclosure experience including, but not limited to managing foreclosure from referral through conclusion, ordering title, obtaining payoffs, deed, assignment and letter preparation, meeting time sensitive deadlines, providing updates and timely responses to clients, etc. The CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven state.
NewForeclosure Paralegal - Garden City Friedman Vartolo LLPForeclosure Paralegal - Garden CityGarden City, NYFull timeThe ideal candidate will have a broad range of foreclosure experience including, but not limited to managing foreclosure from referral through conclusion, ordering title, obtaining payoffs, deed, assignment and letter preparation, meeting time sensitive deadlines, providing updates and timely responses to clients, etc. The CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven states.
NewForeclosure Paralegal - Stamford Friedman Vartolo LLPForeclosure Paralegal - StamfordStamford, CTFull timeThe ideal candidate will have a broad range of foreclosure experience including, but not limited to managing foreclosure from referral through conclusion, ordering title, obtaining payoffs, deed, assignment and letter preparation, meeting time sensitive deadlines, providing updates and timely responses to clients, etc. The CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven state.
NewEntry Level Paralegal - Stamford Friedman Vartolo LLPEntry Level Paralegal - StamfordStamford, CTFull timeThe CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven states. The firm is actively searching for applicants who are confident that they are capable of great things and is comfortable training intelligent individuals with limited prior experience.
Experienced Paralegal - Third Party Sales Friedman Vartolo LLPExperienced Paralegal - Third Party SalesStamford, CTFull timePrepare and file legal documents related to foreclosure sales, such as motions, official notices, deeds, transfer/closing documents and miscellaneous correspondenceConduct thorough post-sale title clearance and address any issues that arise. The CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven states.
Senior Paralegal ZiplineSenior ParalegalSan Francisco, CA$120,000–$150,000 / yearOur customers include the world's largest and most prominent healthcare systems, governments, retailers, restaurants and global businesses who rely on us to save lives, reduce emissions, increase economic opportunity, and provide delivery from point A to point B as fast as possible. Today, Zipline operates on four continents, makes a delivery somewhere in the world every 30 seconds, and has completed millions of deliveries to date, including blood, vaccines, medical supplies, food, and retail products.
Paralegal Markel CorporationParalegalRosemont, IL$32–$44 / hourThis includes race; color; sex; religion; creed; national origin or place of birth; ancestry; age; disability; affectional or sexual orientation; gender expression or identity; genetic information, sickle cell trait, or atypical hereditary cellular or blood trait; refusal to submit to genetic tests or make genetic test results available; medical condition; citizenship status; pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions; marital status, civil union status, domestic partnership status, familial status, or family responsibilities; military or veteran status, including unfavorable discharge from military service; personal appearance, height, or weight; matriculation or political affiliation; expunged juvenile records; arrest and court records where prohibited by applicable law; status as a victim of domestic or sexual violence; public assistance status; order of protection status; status as a smoker or nonsmoker; membership or activity in local commissions; the use or nonuse of lawful products off employer premises during non-work hours; declining to attend meetings or participate in communications about religious or political matters; or any other classification protected by applicable law. Pay information: The base salary offered for the successful candidate will be based on compensable factors such as job-relevant education, job-relevant experience, training, licensure, demonstrated competencies, geographic location, and other factors.
Real Estate Legal Assistant Marcus & Millichap CompanyReal Estate Legal AssistantPalo Alto, CAProofreading and editing abilities are necessary, along with strong written and verbal communication skills, solid knowledge of software solutions, and experience with real estate transactions and/or prior corporate legal experience is preferred. Responsibilities include drafting and reviewing corporate governance documents, board resolutions, and compliance filings; managing entity formations and registrations across multiple jurisdictions; and assisting with due diligence for acquisitions and financings.
Real Estate Project Manager - Acquisitions & Leases EquipmentShare.com IncReal Estate Project Manager - Acquisitions & LeasesChattanooga, TNThe Real Estate Project Manager will also be responsible for managing communication and performing key processes as it pertains to lease and purchase agreement consents, amendments, communications, and other customary real estate documents. We're hiring a Real Estate Project Manager at our Corporate office in Chattanooga, TN, and we're looking for someone who's ready to grow with us, bring energy and drive to their work, and help us build the future of construction.
Closing Attorney – Commercial Real Estate Transactions Starts AlignClosing Attorney – Commercial Real Estate TransactionsAtlanta, GeorgiaThe Closing Attorney will work closely with Senior Counsel, acquisitions professionals, and shared paralegal resources, initially managing approximately 15–20 active transactions while supporting senior attorneys on larger and more complex closings. This role becomes involved early in the transaction lifecycle—advising the acquisitions team on deal structure and lease-related issues, assisting with LOI revisions, and ultimately owning the legal process through negotiation, due diligence, documentation, and closing.
Legal Assistant + Real Estate + Omaha Lutz and Company PCLegal Assistant + Real Estate + OmahaOmaha, NEOur client is searching for an experienced Senior Paralegal who knows how to keep complex transactions moving, stays two steps ahead of deadlines, and takes real ownership of the details behind a successful closing. If you know commercial real estate, enjoy being the person who keeps complicated deals organized, and take pride in making sure nothing falls through the cracks, we'd like to talk with you.
Senior Real Estate Specialist Welltower, IncSenior Real Estate SpecialistDallas, TXThrough our disciplined approach to capital allocation powered by our data science platform and superior operating results driven by the Welltower Business System, we aspire to deliver long-term compounding of per share growth and returns for our existing investors - our North Star. This role will also work with other Real Estate Specialists and legal counsel on coordinating transaction closings with outside counsel, internal working groups, and all company departments.
Senior Real Estate Records & Portfolio Specialist Charter Communications IncSenior Real Estate Records & Portfolio SpecialistGreenwood Village, CO$23.75–$42.80 / hourThis role involves collaborating with Corporate Services, business stakeholders, legal counsel, and maintaining relationships with attorneys, landlords, and third-party consultants to support real estate initiatives. As a Senior Real Estate Records & Portfolio Specialist, you'll support the management of lease abstractions, critical dates, and financial aspects such as landlord invoices and reconciliation audits.
NewReal Estate Attorney - Garden City Friedman Vartolo LLPReal Estate Attorney - Garden CityGarden City, NYFull timeThe CompanyFriedman Vartolo LLP is a fast-growing, New York-based law firm specializing in real estate and default services, with over 300 employees providing top-tier legal services to our clients in seven states. The ideal candidate will have significant experience independently managing commercial and residential real estate transactions, representing lenders, and overseeing all aspects of the closing process.
NewReal Estate Lease Admin ABA Therapy for AutismReal Estate Lease AdminHouston, TexasTraits of success in this position include (but are not limited to) a commitment to ABC's core values; including ABC’s unofficial core value of GSD (“Gets ‘Stuff’ Done”) with the ability to demonstrate the core values positively and proactively to co-workers, management and/or vendors in everyday performance and interactions. Director and Head of Real Estate and together with the rest of ABC’s New Center’s and Legal team they will support the ABC mission, to provide high-quality ABA services to as many patients and their families as possible, as soon as possible.
Manager, Real Estate TerraForm Power IncManager, Real EstateCharlottesville, VAThe Manager, Real Estate is responsible for managing title review, contract administration, and landowner payment functions across a portfolio of renewable energy projects during Greenfield Development and Delivery, including solar and energy storage developments. Travel may average approximately four trips per quarter, including travel to the company's New York City office, as well as occasional visits to project sites, landowner meetings, closings, or county recording offices.
NewReal Estate, Construction & Design Practice Assistant (Legal Assistant/Secretary) Stoel RivesReal Estate, Construction & Design Practice Assistant (Legal Assistant/Secretary)Portland, Oregon$56,000–$94,000 / yearOperate a telephone, personal computer, and all types of photocopy equipment and other necessary office equipment; read and comprehend handwritten and typed notes or instructions; type on a computer keyboard in a sitting or standing position for extended periods of time during a 7.5‑hour workday; learn and effectively use firm style and software applications; accurately proofread documents; accurately record and deliver phone messages; carry files, binders, and pouches of files for short distances. Enter, proofread, and close timekeepers’ time entries in billing software; review, proofread, distribute, and track prebills and client invoices; manage complex prebills, incorporate edits, and mail out client invoices as needed; research and resolve billing problems and questions from clients and accounting as needed; and process expense reports and invoice disbursement requests.
Paralegal Lichtman Eisen PartnersParalegalChicago, IllinoisDuties and Responsibilities: Daily case managementOrder, review and summarize documents for commercial collection matters and real estate transactionsE-filingAnswering discoveryCommunicating with clients regarding the disbursements of settlementsAssisting the attorneys on our social media marketingOther duties as assigned Skills and Qualifications: Paralegal with experience preferred. Lichtman Eisen Partners is seeking a candidate who is a self starter, possesses a high level of motivation with an understanding of client service and development while self-sufficient with computer skills and be willing to assume a high level of responsibility and interact professionally and effectively with clients, attorneys and staff.
Landlord/Tenant Paralegal (Remote) NOVO PropertiesLandlord/Tenant Paralegal (Remote)DC, WARemote$40–$45 / hourWe are a real estate development and property management company seeking an experienced Landlord-Tenant Paralegal to support our in-house legal and compliance function across our residential portfolio in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. The ideal candidate has experience with DC Superior Court's Landlord and Tenant Branch, is comfortable managing a high volume of matters across multiple properties and understands the procedural steps specific to DC housing law.
Builder Closer Paralegal GpacBuilder Closer ParalegalBuckhead, GA55000–90000Determine ownership and verify legal description of property, perform survey reads on commercial projects, prepare response to objection letters, prepare pro forma policies and endorsements, consult with commercial underwriting as necessary to determine insurability. The IN OFFICE Building Closer Paralegal will perform a variety of functions related to gathering and processing information and preparing all documents required for a commercial real estate closing.
Paralegal GpacParalegalAlpharetta, GA55000–70000GPAC (Growing People and Companies) is an award-winning search firm specializing in placing quality professionals within multiple industries across the United States since 1990. We are extremely competitive, client-focused and realize that our value is in our ability to deliver the right solutions at the right time.
Paralegal American Homes 4 RentParalegalCalabasas, California$38.54–$48.16 / hourThe Real Estate Transactions Paralegal supports and drives complex, high-volume real estate transactions by applying legal judgment, due diligence principles, and proactive issue resolution for a nationwide owner-operator of single-family rental homes. Coordinates payoffs, releases, satisfactions, corrective instruments, and other requirements needed to clear liens, defects, and closing blockers; tracks open items through resolution; and escalates high-risk issues to Legal and transaction leadership.
Paralegal, Restaurant Operations Restaurant Brands International IncParalegal, Restaurant OperationsSyracuse, NYThis role partners closely with attorneys and cross-functional stakeholders to support company-owned restaurant operations across a broad range of legal matters, including licensing and permitting, commercial contracts, litigation management, regulatory compliance, customer disputes, and legal operations. RBI is committed to growing the TIM HORTONS, BURGER KING, POPEYES and FIREHOUSE SUBS brands by leveraging their respective core values, employee and franchisee relationships, and long track records of community support.
Landlord/Tenant Paralegal NOVO PropertiesLandlord/Tenant ParalegalDC, WARemote$35–$45We are a real estate development and property management company seeking an experienced Landlord-Tenant Paralegal to support our in-house legal and compliance function across our residential portfolio in the District of Columbia, Maryland and Virginia. The ideal candidate has experience with DC Superior Court's Landlord and Tenant Branch, is comfortable managing a high volume of matters across multiple properties and understands the procedural steps specific to DC housing law.
Paralegal Bridge Investment GroupParalegalSalt Lake City, UTWhile we partner with top law firms, we handle much of our fund and corporate legal work in-house, which keeps us closely involved in the details and lets us move quickly for our internal teams, investors, and fund entities. Our legal team, based in the Salt Lake City area, includes attorneys, paralegals, and operations staff supporting Bridge's real estate and credit fund platforms.
Paralegal (Probate, Estate, Real Estate) Ultimate Staffing ServicesParalegal (Probate, Estate, Real Estate)Clearwater, Florida$45,760–$58,240We are partnering with a local law firm that is looking to add a Paralegal to their team! 1 yr minimum Probate / Estate Planning Experience preferred***.
Intellectual Property Paralegal Withers Bergman LLPIntellectual Property ParalegalLos Angeles, CA$115,000–$140,000 / yearThe Intellectual Property Paralegal position at Withers is responsible for preparing (or assisting with the preparation of) trademark, patent, and copyright applications/office action responses, assisting with intellectual property litigation, and conducting related intellectual property research. Our Corporate, Technology, Real Estate, Intellectual Property and Charities do sophisticated and ground-breaking work in areas such as mergers and acquisitions, brands, intellectual property, hotels, investment funds, sponsorship and partnerships.
Senior Paralegal - Civil Litigation SagePathsSenior Paralegal - Civil LitigationAliso Viejo, CaliforniaYou’ll serve as the operational backbone of the firm — responding to inquiries , guiding junior staff , and ensuring day-to-day legal and administrative workflows run smoothly. 80% in-person max as can be flexible to remote occasionally - we would love to offer the flexibility of remote but we have many clients, potential customers, and staff coming in daily that we need your assistance on to help with their needs and questions.
Paralegal - Unlawful Detainer, Landlord/Tenant SagePathsParalegal - Unlawful Detainer, Landlord/TenantLos Angeles, California$75,000–$120,000 / yearYou’ll serve as the operational backbone of the firm — responding to inquiries , guiding junior staff , and ensuring day-to-day legal and administrative workflows run smoothly. 80% in-person max as can be flexible to remote occasionally - we would love to offer the flexibility of remote but we have many clients, potential customers, and staff coming in daily that we need your assistance on to help with their needs and questions.
Paralegal Legal Assistant - Foreclosures GpacParalegal Legal Assistant - ForeclosuresPittsburgh, PA50000–60000GPAC (Growing People and Companies) is an award-winning search firm specializing in placing quality professionals within multiple industries across the United States since 1990. A well-established team is seeking a detail-oriented legal professional to join their delinquent tax collection and commercial real estate support team !
California Law Firm Paralegal Law Offices Of James L Arrasmith ACalifornia Law Firm ParalegalSacramento, CARemoteFull timeOur firm handles a wide range of legal matters, including landlord-tenant and eviction matters, family law, civil litigation, civil rights, animal law, appellate practice, employment law, real estate disputes, personal injury, insurance claims, construction matters, education law, government and administrative matters, municipal issues, foreclosure defense, business law, and contract disputes. This role also includes reviewing documents, maintaining deadlines, communicating with clients and witnesses, preparing case materials, supporting hearings and trial preparation, and helping attorneys move matters forward from intake through resolution.
In- House Contracts Paralegal IES Residential, Inc.In- House Contracts ParalegalSugar Land, TexasLicense Required: Yes Job Locations: US-TX-Sugar Land Company Overview: IES is a national provider of industrial products and infrastructure services to a variety of end markets, including electrical, mechanical and communications contracting solutions for the commercial, industrial, residential and renewable energy markets. High school diploma or GED required; associate’s degree in business administration, legal studies, paralegal studies, construction administration, or a related field required; bachelor’s degree preferred.
Paralegal - ER Leap BrandsParalegal - ERHouston, TXMust have a strong understanding of commercial real estate transactions, including acquisitions and commercial leases, and will be responsible for preparing deeds, transfer declarations, bills of sale, corporate resolutions, and entity organizational documents, as well as preparing and reviewing leases, titles, surveys and other transaction documents. Prepare deeds, transfer declarations, easements, bills of sale, tax pro-rations, real estate closing/settlement statements and affidavits.
Legal Assistant or Paralegal GpacLegal Assistant or ParalegalPittsburgh, PA50000–60000We are seeking a Paralegal / Legal Assistant to join a high-volume legal team supporting foreclosure, sheriff sale, and real estate matters. GPAC (Growing People and Companies) is an award-winning search firm specializing in placing quality professionals within multiple industries across the United States since 1990.
Senior Transactional Paralegal McCarthy Holdings IncSenior Transactional ParalegalPhoenix, AZNOTICE TO EXTERNAL SEARCH FIRMS: McCarthy's Talent Acquisition Team is the only authorized representative permitted to engage with external search firms, staffing agencies, or other third-party recruiting partners. Maintain the internal matter management system including opening matters, organizing documents, running reports, and assisting with outside counsel accounts payable.
Paralegal or Mortgage Processor (Bankruptcy and Mortgage Modification) JOHN DAMATO PLLCParalegal or Mortgage Processor (Bankruptcy and Mortgage Modification)Cheektowaga, NYPart timeYou are someone looking for full-time work, but cannot find it; you do not already understand: how to prepare a budget; you make excuses for your poor performance; you view firm clients as an inconvenience; you are not punctual; you were the student who needed mom or dad to remind you about completing your homework or your projects; you need a lot of direction and hands-on guidance; you are already set in your ways and are not willing to learn; and. We would love to work with an experienced (5+ years) paralegal or mortgage processor who is motivated and has significant experience in one or more of the following areas of law: mortgage modification, bankruptcy, foreclosure and/or real estate, but we are willing to teach the RIGHT person who has a year or two of experience as a paralegal or mortgage processor.
NewParalegal Family & Children's ServiceParalegalTulsa, OKLicenses/Certifications: Completion of a Legal Assistant or Paralegal program accredited by the American Bar Association that requires a minimum of 60 semester hours preferred and/or a Paralegal Certification through a NCCA accredited and ABA recognized program. The Paralegal provides support to the legal department, which includes reviewing and organizing documents and contracts, reviewing contracts, and researching applicable laws.